Abstract
We investigated whether 6-gingerol affects the maturation and proliferation of osteoblast-like MG63 cells in vitro. Osteoblast-like MG63 cells were treated with 6-gingerol under control conditions, and experimental inflammation was induced by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Expression of different osteogenic markers and cytokines was analyzed by real-time PCR, Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activity and biomineralization as markers for differentiation were measured. Treatment with 6-gingerol resulted in insignificant effects on the proliferation rate. 6-Gingerol induced the differentiation of osteoblast-like cells with increased transcription levels of osteogenic markers, upregulated ALP enzyme activity, and enhanced mineralized nodule formation. Stimulation with TNF-α led to enhanced interleukin-6 and nuclear factor-κB expression and downregulated markers of osteoblastic differentiation. 6-Gingerol reduced the degree of inflammation in TNF-α-treated MG-63 cells. In conclusion, 6-gingerol stimulated osteoblast differentiation in normal physiological and inflammatory settings, and therefore, 6-gingerol represents a promising agent for treating osteoporosis or bone inflammation.
Highlights
Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disorder characterized by deteriorated bone tissue and low bone mass, leading to an increased risk of fracture [1]
We further evaluated the cytotoxic effect of 6gingerol on tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a)-treated MG-63 cells
Cells were treated with serial concentrations of 6-gingerol (0-50 mM) for 48 h and mRNA expression was determined by real-time PCR
Summary
Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disorder characterized by deteriorated bone tissue and low bone mass, leading to an increased risk of fracture [1]. It is prevalent in the elderly population, women, with an increasing incidence worldwide [2]. Osteoporosis is treated with the goal of reducing fracture risk by inhibiting bone resorption or stimulating bone formation. Bone anabolic therapy stimulating bone formation via actions on osteoblasts represents an ideal therapeutic approach for osteoporosis [6,7,8]. There is, a great need to scientifically evaluate food ingredients that stimulate bone formation as preventive or therapeutic agents for osteoporosis
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