The Effectiveness of Ketamine Treatment on Depression

Abstract

As the diagnosis rate of depression continues to rise, effective treatment options for this condition have become one of the most researched areas in the field. Earlier antidepressants were primarily developed based on mechanisms that involve regulating imbalanced neurotransmitters. For example, the widely known Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and various tricyclic antidepressants work by adjusting the concentration of different neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, in the synaptic cleft to alleviate depressive symptoms. Additionally, many therapeutic approaches have been developed and applied based on the widely accepted hormone hypothesis and neurotrophic factor hypothesis. Ketamine, a drug traditionally used as an anesthetic, has recently been discovered to possess antidepressant properties. Its efficacy and underlying neuroscientific mechanisms are currently under investigation. Unlike earlier antidepressants, Ketamine produces significant antidepressant effects within a short time after administration. Multiple studies have suggested that Ketamine's rapid and effective therapeutic results may be based on entirely new antidepressant mechanisms and targets that have yet to be fully understood. This provides a new solution for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression and offers new hope to patients who have tried various treatments without success. In this literature review, Ketamine's therapeutic effects and its underlying mechanisms will be thoroughly examined. The content will be divided into three sections: significant antidepressant effects, underlying principles and mechanisms, and factors relevant to the improvement of Ketamine therapy.