The Effectiveness of Dog Population Management: A Systematic Review.

Lauren M. Smith,Sabine Hartmann,Paolo Dalla Villa,Lisa M. Collins,Alexandru M. Munteanu,Rupert J. Quinnell

doi:10.3390/ani9121020

Abstract

Simple SummaryDomestic dogs are abundant worldwide—as owned pets, unowned strays, and feral animals. High numbers of free-roaming dogs can be a concern because of the risks they pose to public health, animal welfare, and wildlife. Using a systematic review process, we investigated what the research published to date can tell us about the effectiveness of different dog population management methods. We found that management methods for dog populations have been researched in multiple countries worldwide, using a wide range of indicators to assess method effectiveness. We outline the results and suggest improvements to help guide future dog population management policy.The worldwide population of domestic dogs is estimated at approximately 700 million, with around 75% classified as “free-roaming”. Where free-roaming dogs exist in high densities, there are significant implications for public health, animal welfare, and wildlife. Approaches to manage dog populations include culling, fertility control, and sheltering. Understanding the effectiveness of each of these interventions is important in guiding future dog population management. We present the results of a systematic review of published studies investigating dog population management, to assess: (1) where and when studies were carried out; (2) what population management methods were used; and (3) what was the effect of the method. We evaluated the reporting quality of the published studies for strength of evidence assessment. The systematic review resulted in a corpus of 39 papers from 15 countries, reporting a wide disparity of approaches and measures of effect. We synthesised the management methods and reported effects. Fertility control was most investigated and had the greatest reported effect on dog population size. Reporting quality was low for power calculations (11%), sample size calculations (11%), and the use of control populations (17%). We provide recommendations for future studies to use common metrics and improve reporting quality, study design, and modelling approaches in order to allow better assessment of the true impact of dog population management.

Highlights

IntroductionThe owned population is dependent upon humans for food, water, and shelter and may have one or more owner (e.g., “community dogs”)
The effectiveness of dog population management depends upon the management intensity; we reported the effects in relation to these criteria wherever possible
Papers in the final corpus suggest that most dog population management methods were associated with some effect on the impact of interest, and mostly in a favourable direction

Summary

Introduction

The owned population is dependent upon humans for food, water, and shelter and may have one or more owner (e.g., “community dogs”). Unowned dogs (often referred to as stray) do not have an owner but may still depend upon humans directly or indirectly for resources such as food, water, and shelter [2]. Unrestricted dogs are important as the lack of restriction allows them to roam freely, to mate, and to reproduce. This group is commonly referred to as the free-roaming dog population and includes unrestricted owned and unrestricted unowned dogs [3]

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