Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of a byproduct mixture derived from grapeseed and sea buckthorn oil industry to mitigate the harmful damage produced by ochratoxin A and aflatoxin B1 at hepatic and renal level in piglets after weaning. Forty cross-bred TOPIGS-40 hybrid piglets after weaning were assigned to three experimental groups (E1, E2, E3) and one control group (C), and fed with experimental diets for 30 days. The basal diet was served as a control and contained normal compound feed for starter piglets without mycotoxins. The experimental groups were fed as follows: E1—basal diet plus a mixture (1:1) of two byproducts (grapeseed and sea buckthorn meal); E2—the basal diet experimentally contaminated with mycotoxins (479 ppb OTA and 62ppb AFB1); and E3—basal diet containing 5% of the mixture (1:1) of grapeseed and sea buckthorn meal and contaminated with the mix of OTA and AFB1. After 4 weeks, the animals were slaughtered, and tissue samples were taken from liver and kidney in order to perform gene expression and histological analysis. The gene expression analysis showed that when weaned piglets were fed with contaminated diet, the expression of most analyzed genes was downregulated. Among the CYP450 family, CYP1A2 was the gene with the highest downregulation. According to these results, in liver, we found that mycotoxins induced histomorphological alterations in liver and kidney and had an effect on the expression level of CYP1A2, CYP2A19, CYP2E1, and CYP3A29, but we did not detect important changes in the expression level of CY4A24, MRP2 and GSTA1 genes.
Highlights
Mycotoxins are secondary toxic metabolites produced by certain strains of filamentous fungi
The mycotoxins producing fungi found in food and feed are divided into two groups: those that invade before grain harvesting, called field fungi, and those that grow only after harvesting, called storage fungi [5]
The chemical composition of byproducts meal showed that sea buckthorn meal is richer in protein (+38.4%), fat (+66.6%), and carbohydrates and lower in ash than grapeseed meal (Table 1)
Summary
Mycotoxins are secondary toxic metabolites produced by certain strains of filamentous fungi. These low molecular weight compounds (up to 500 Da) can contaminate a variety of raw materials and cause an increased risk to human and animal health [1]. The number of mycotoxins characterized and with well-known effects is relatively small due to the multitude of metabolites with toxic potential generated by fungi [2,3,4]. They are classified into five groups, with specific chemical structures that occur frequently in feed and food: trichothecenes, zearalenone, ochratoxins, fumonisins, and aflatoxins. At the European level, there are regulations and recommendations regarding the maximum accepted level for six types of mycotoxins commonly found in pigs’
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