The Effectiveness of a Mobile Learning Environment in Improving Psychological Security in Blind Students.

Digital transformation has become a critical aspect of modern education, necessitating the development of digital skills among all students, including those with disabilities. Among these, blind students face unique challenges in acquiring the digital competencies needed for academic success and professional integration. This study aimed to enhance the digital transformation skills of blind postgraduate students by evaluating the effectiveness of a cloud-based learning management system, Moodle Cloud. Using a mixed methods approach, we combined descriptive and quasi-experimental designs to assess the impact of the intervention. The sample included 20 blind graduate students from Beni Suef University, equally divided into experimental and control groups. Pre- and post-assessments measured participants’ digital transformation skills through achievement tests and performance evaluations. The findings indicated significant improvements in the experimental group, with higher scores in both the achievement tests and performance assessments compared to the control group. The results suggest that the cloud-based learning management system played a vital role in enhancing digital skills, and no significant differences were found between remote and in-person applications of the intervention. The study emphasizes the importance of incorporating modern digital technologies into the education of blind students, aligning with Egypt’s Vision 2030 plan and ongoing educational reforms.

The Effectiveness of a Human Patient Simulator in the ATLS Shock Skills Station

Objectives • To assess the intensity of labor pain and outcome of labor among the control group. • To assess the effectiveness of ambulation on intensity of labor pain and outcome of labor among the experimental group. • To assess the usefulness of ambulation by opinionnaire among experimental group. • To compare the effectiveness of ambulation on the intensity of labor pain and outcome of labor among experimental and control groups. • To find an association between the intensity of labor pain with selected demographic variables. Materials and methods An experimental research approach was used for the study. Random sampling technique was used to allocate the subjects into experimental and control groups. Visual analog scale was used to assess the intensity of pain and observational check list was used to assess the outcome of labor. The study comprised of 40 primigravida mothers and they were grouped as experimental and control through randomization. One group received ambulation treatment, the other did not. The researcher then observed the groups to determine the effect of the treatment. Results The collected data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. The intensity of pain revealed that 40% in the experimental and 55% in the control groups experienced severe pain. The labor augmentation revealed that both oxytocin and cerviprime gel was used for 30% in the experimental and 35% in the control groups. On the mode of delivery, majority of mothers (60%) had normal vaginal delivery both in experimental and control groups. On the duration of the first stage of labor revealed that 50% in the experimental and 20% in the control groups were between 10 to 12 hours. Second stage of labor revealed that majority were between 1 and 2 hours in both the control and experimental groups. The opinion of experimental group mothers on ambulation revealed that half of the mothers (50%) agreed for recommending the ambulation for their neighbors and friends and less than half (35%) of them have agreed for comfort during first stage of labor and 40% of them have agreed for ambulation should be made as a routine in labor room. In the experimental group, mean pain score (6.8) is less than the control group (7.5). The calculated Mann-Whitney Z-value (2.045) is greater than the Z α-value of 1.960 at 0.05 level of significance. In the experimental group, the mean duration of first stage of labor score (3.95) is significantly higher than the control group mean score (3.00). The mean outcome of labor in experimental group (13.95) is greater than the control group. Conclusion There was a significant difference in the duration of first stage of labor between the experimental and control groups. But, there was no significant difference in the overall outcome of labor between experimental and control groups. There was no significant association between intensity of labor pain with selected demographic variables. This may be because of small sample size. How to cite this article Savitha V, Nayak S, Paul S. Effect of Ambulation during First Stage of Labor on Labor Pain and Outcome of Labor among the Primigravida Mothers in a Selected Hospital, Mangalore. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2013;5(1):1-3.

Zmiany metylacji i oksydacji w próbkach DNA bydła bytującego w środowisku zanieczyszczonym metalami ciężkimi

The instructional-educational process in learning to swim plays a crucial role in children's development. Approaching methods and use in training practices of all ages and performance levels have been the subject of ever deeper research, so that the effectiveness of training in this area is increasingly visible. The issue of motivation in sports is a topical issue because it is essential for athletes' involvement and performance. Although material stimulation can be considered an important factor in motivating athletes, it is not necessarily enough to commit them to an extremely difficult and risky path, such as that of performance sports. Athletes' motivation stems from a complex combination of factors, including passion for sport, the desire to demonstrate their skills and talents, the aspiration to achieve personal and collective goals, and the desire to achieve recognition and satisfaction through sporting success. The purpose of the research is to identify the level of motivation for swimming and performance of children aged 9-10 years. Research method: the test Motivation for swimming of children aged 9-10 years (adaptation after N. Luskanova) The test was applied by the researcher in October 2022 to a number of 30 children aged 9-10 who practice swimming in the Tirgoviște Swimming Complex and CSȘ Tirgoviște Swimming Pool. Depending on age, we have, within the experimental group, 7 children aged 9 and 8 children aged 10. Within the control group, we identify 6 children aged 9 years and 9 children aged 10 years. We observe that the two groups are homogeneous, referring to the age variable. Regarding the gender of the subjects who are part of the group subjected to the experiment, we observe homogeneity in terms of gender, in each group there are 5 girls and 10 boys. The distribution according to the residential environment from which they come is as follows: from the experimental group 3 subjects come from the rural environment and 12 from the urban environment, and in the control group 1 subject comes from the rural environment and 14 from the urban environment The test results can be seen in Table 1. The difference between the values obtained between the experimental and control groups is not significant from a statistical point of view, since the values of the statistical indicators are close, we observe small differences between them.Table 1. Distribution of results on the Motivation for swimming test of children aged 9-10 years (adaptation according to N. Luskanova), experimental group and control group (n=20 boys)tabelThe differences between the two groups in the statistical indicators are variable, the difference between the averages is small, 0.6 points, in the standard deviation the difference between the groups is 0.77 points, the minimums recorded are equal to 15 points, and the difference between the maximums of the groups is 1 point. These results show homogeneity regarding the level of motivation between the experimental group and that of the control group. Table 2. Analysis of the level of motivation for swimming in the experimental and control groups, boystabelWe find that the level of motivation for swimming of the interviewed subjects is good. On the first level are ranked 2 subjects from the experimental group SC with 26 points and CR with 25 points, and from the control group subject MR with 25 points. These subjects have a very good motivation to practice swimming. On the second level, a number of 3 subjects from experimental group II are ranked with 24 points, AN with 23 points, AT with 20 points and six control subjects BM with 24 points, NA and RN with 23 points each, CI, AI and VE with 21 points each. The motivation of these subjects is characterized as good. Level III, respectively of relatively good motivation, has 5 subjects from the experimental group in the ranking: DF with 19 points, MG with 18 points, BL and IA with 17 points, GI with 15 points. In the control group, three subjects were registered on this level: BG with 19 points, RO with 18 points and DC with 15 points. None of the subjects was ranked on level IV-weak motivation and on level 5-very weak motivation. Overall, the motivation of 9-10 year olds for swimming is good and relatively good. In the following we will analyze the results recorded by the girls' teams. Table 3. Distribution of results on the Motivation for swimming test of children aged 9-10 years (adaptation according to N. Luskanova), experimental group and control group, (n= 5 girls)tabelThe difference between the values obtained between the experimental and control groups is not statistically significant as the values of the statistical indicators are close in value. The difference between the averages of the two groups is 1.04 points, the standard deviation being 2.82 points in the case of the experimental group and 1.49 in the case of the control group. The difference between the minimum values is 1 point, and between the maximum values is 4 points in favor of the experimental group. The results obtained by the girls from the two groups subjected to the experiment, in the Motivation for swimming test of children aged 9-10 years, are as follows: on the first level, with a very good motivation, only GM ranked with 26 points, from the experimental group , on level II, with good motivation, the subjects AF with 22 points and BM with 20 points from the experimental group and DV with 22 points, AN and IF with 20 points each from the control group are highlighted. On level III, relatively good motivation, there are EL with 19 points and MT with 18 points from the experimental group and BP and NO with 18 points each from the control group. Table 4 Analysis of the level of motivation for swimming in the experimental and control groups, girlstabelConclusions The analysis of the obtained data shows us that both groups subjected to the experiment, both in the case of boys and girls, have a good motivation for swimming, but there is a need to increase the level of motivation to maintain interest in this sport and to register performance, through specific activities. We believe that an increased level of motivation among children between the ages of 9 and 10 in swimming practice can have a significant impact on their development both in sports and personally. In correlation with the research results, we propose the following recommendations: - For each group of children, by age level, a psychological training program targeting the motivational component will be developed, which will be integrated into the training process. This program will be adapted to the specific needs of the group and will aim to adapt motivation and, implicitly, sports performance. - The psychological training program will include strategies and techniques to support the development of children's motivation for swimming, promoting commitment, the desire to excel and perseverance in training and competitions. This could include, among other things, visualization sessions, stability of personal goals, working with thoughts and emotions to maintain a positive mindset and focus on success.

يهدف البحث الحالى إلى تنمية مهارات إنتاج المقررات الإلکترونية من خلال استخدام إستراتيجية العمل الجماعى فى بيئة التعلم النقال واستخدم الباحث المنهج شبه التجريبى، وتکونت عينة البحث من طلاب کلية التربية وعددهم (40) طالب يمثلون المجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة، وتمثلت أدوات البحث في (اختبار تحصيلي، بطاقة ملاحظة)، وطبقت بعديا على المجموعتين وبعد إجراء عملية التحليل الإحصائي للبيانات توصلت نتائج البحث إلى: وجود فرق دال إحصائيا عند مستوى a) ≤ 0.05) بين متوسطي درجات المجموعة الضابطة والمجموعة التجريبية فى التطبيق البعدي للاختبار التحصيلي وبطاقة الملاحظة لمهارات إنتاج المقررات الإلکترونية لصالح المجموعة التجريبية. الکلمات المفتاحية: إستراتيجية العمل الجماعى – بيئة التعلم النقال – مهارات المقررات الإلکترونية Abstract The current research aims to develop the skills of producing e-courses through the use of a group work strategy in the mobile learning environment. The researcher used the semi-experimental approach. The research sample consisted of (40) students from the College of Education representing the experimental and control groups, and the research tools consisted of (achievement test, Note card), and it was applied after the two groups, and after performing the statistical analysis of the data, the results of the research reached: There is a statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the mean scores of the control group and the experimental group in the post application of the achievement test and the observation card for the skills of producing electronic courses for the benefit of the group Experimental. Keywords: Group work Strategy - Mobile Learning Environment - Skills Of Electronic Courses

Statement of the problem: A research titled “A Comparative Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Helfer’s Skin Tap Technique Versus Routine Technique on Pain Reduction among Patients Receiving Intramuscular Injections in Selected Hospitals in Greater Noida.Aim: The aim of study is to assess the effectiveness of Helfer’s Skin Tap Technique Versus Routine Technique on Pain Reduction among Patients Receiving Intramuscular Injections in Selected Hospitals in Greater Noida.Objectives of the study · To assess the level of pain experienced by the patients receiving intra muscular injection using routine technique. · To find out an association between levels of pain experienced with selected demographic variables.Methodology: A qualitative research approach was used and the research design adopted for the present study was Experimental research design. The target population for the study was patients who all are receiving IM injection in selected hospitals, greater Noida. Convenient samplingTechnique was used during study. Simple size 60 data analysis was done based on objectives and hypothesis of study.Results: In this research the findings show that maximum number of patients under experimental group selected for the study who satisfied the inclusion criteria were N=12 (40%) where in control group N=13(43.4) were among 40-49 years, followed by N=8(26.7%) in both experimental and control group, were from 30-39 years further N=8(26.7%) in experimental and in control N=7(23.3) were of 20-29 years and N=2(6.7%)in both experimental and control group were of 50-60 years. In this research the researcher has selected N=60 (100%) as adult males both in experimental and control group. The majority of the patient N=22 (73.3%) experimental group N=28(93.3) control group were married, whereas N=8(26.7%) experimental group N= 2(6.2) control group were unmarried. Widower and divorced were N=0 in both experimental and group.The most of the patients lived in rural areas where as N=26 (86.7) experimental group and N=25(83.3) control group, followed by patient lived in urban areas where as N=4(13.3) experimental group N=5 (16.7) control group. Majority were N=11 (36.7%) in experimental group & N=16(53.3%) in the control groups subjects were can read and write & the experimental group N=10 (33.3%) and N=8 (26.7%) of subjects in the control group have no formal education. Whereas N=7 (23.3%) of the subjects in the experimental group and N=5 (16.6%) of the subjects in the control group have middle education. And N=2 (6.7%) experimental group N=1 (3.3%) in control group. Most of the patient were working in experimental group N=16(53.3) same in control group N=19(63.3) whereas N=14(46.7) experimental group N=11(36.6) control were not working. The level of pain perception during IM injection in Experimental group. Majority of the samples (100%) perceived minor pain with Helfer’s skin tap. whereas majority (53.3%) moderate and (46.7%) had minor pain with routine technique.Conclusion: The present study revealed that there was a significant reduction in pain among patients after administration of Helfer's skin tap technique. Thus it proved to be an effective treatment for pain.

This randomized-controlled trial demonstrates that an exercise consultation, based on the transtheoretic model of exercise behavior change, significantly improves short-term adherence to exercise.

This study aims to investigate the effects of focus on form instruction in a mobile learning environment on the development of grammar knowledge and listening skills and students’ perception. For this study, 104 Korean university students participated, and they were divided into three groups: the control group and two experimental groups. Two experimental groups were though in the mobile learning environment, but only the experimental group had focus on form instruction. 2 Data were collected through grammar pre- and post-tests, listening pre- and post-tests, and questionnaires. The major findings were as followings. First, experimental group 2 showed higher test scores than experimental group 1 and the control group on a post-grammar test. Second, two experimental groups were more effective than the control group on listening tests. Finally, learners in experimental group 2 had positive perspectives on mobile-assisted focus on form instruction giving a positive opinion about mobile learning and input enhancement in the video. Suggestions and implications were provided for mobile-assisted focus on form instruction.

Objective To investigate the effects of probiotics on the survival of sepsis mice and their mechanism. Methods A total of 60 male C57BL6 mice were randomly divided into 3 groups, respectively, the sham operation group (n = 20), the control group (n = 20) and the experimental group (n = 20). After feeding 2 d, mice in the experimental group were given 200 μL probiotics solution daily; mice in the control and sham operation groups were given 200 μL NaCl solution, with continuous intragastric administration for 4 weeks. Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was performed on the mice in the experimental and control groups, while mice in the sham operation group were performed with the same procedures of CLP except for cecal puncture. Ten mice in each group were used to observe their activity and survival of 7 d, and the blood and colon tissues were taken in the other 10 mice in each group after 24 hours. The expression levels of serum inflammatory factor interleukin 22 (IL-22), IL-2 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the colon tissues were measured by the hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining method, and the expression of colonic mucosa (Occludin) in each group was observed by the immunohistochemical method. Results Mice in the sham operation group grew well, mice in the control group curled up in a corner of the cage and trembled, and mice in the experimental group were more active than the experimental group, without obvious tremor. At 7 d, there were still 3 survived mice in the experimental group which were given euthanasia; the 7 d survival was significantly higher than that of the control group (P = 0.020). At 7 d, 10 mice in the sham operation group all survived and were given euthanasia. The expressions of serum IL-22 [(103 ± 23) ng/L vs. (27 ± 9) ng/L, t = 7.590, P < 0.001], IL-2 [(328 ± 27) ng/L vs. (77 ± 21) ng/L, t = 21.368, P < 0.001] and TNF-α [(94 ± 22) ng/L vs. (56 ± 9) ng/L, t = 4.734, P < 0.001] in the control group were significantly different as compared to the sham operation group. Meanwhile, the expressions of serum IL-22 [(75 ± 33) ng/L vs. (27 ± 9) ng/L, t = 3.755, P = 0.001], IL-2 [(217 ± 30) ng/L vs. (77 ± 21) ng/L, t = 10.850, P < 0.001] and TNF-α [(107 ± 20) ng/L vs. (56 ± 9) ng/L, t = 5.956, P < 0.001] in the experimental and sham operation groups all showed statistically significant differences. Compared with the control group, the expressions of serum IL-22 [(103 ± 23) ng/L vs. (75 ± 33) ng/L, t = 2.185, P = 0.042] and IL-2 [(328 ± 27) ng/L vs. (217 ± 30) ng/L, t = 8.371, P < 0.001] in the experimental group were significantly different, while the TNF-α [(94 ± 22) ng/L vs. (107 ± 20) ng/L, t = 1.363, P = 0.188] expression showed no statistically significant difference. In the sham operation group, the colonic mucosa was intact and the glands were regularly arranged with little or no inflammatory cell infiltration. However, mice in the control group appeared derangement, deformation and lack of colonic mucosal epithelial glands, fuzzy connected structures of enterocytes, and extensive infiltration of inflammatory cells some of which had crypt abscess. The colonic epithelia of mice in the experimental group were basically complete without erosion and loss, glands were normally arranged, and the infiltration of inflammatory cells decreased more as compared to the control group. The results of immunohistochemistry showed that mice in the sham operation group had complete acinar structures of colonic epithelial cells and more Occludin proteins. The acinar structures of colonic epithelial cells in the control group were destructed and disappeared, and there were infiltration of inflammatory cells and less Occludin proteins. The acinar structures of colonic epithelial cells in the experimental group were complete with widened interacinar gaps, and the expression of Occludin protein increased as compared to the control group. Conclusion Probiotics can inhibit the reduction of Occludin of intestinal epithelial cells and stabilize barrier structures of intestinal mucosas, thus effectively improving the survival of septic mice. Key words: Probiotics; Sepsis; Occludin

Aim of the study: The study aim to find the effectiveness of kriya yoga to reduce the anxiety level among COVID nursing staff working at selected hospital. Objectives of the study: 1. To assess the pre test level of anxiety among the staff nurses of COVID unit at selected hospitals among experimental and control group.2. To assess the effect of kriya yoga on level of anxiety by comparing the pre test and post test level of anxiety among experimental group.3. To assess the effect of kriya yoga on level of anxiety by comparing the post test level of anxiety among experimental and control group.4. To determine the association between pre test level of anxiety with their selected demographic variables among experimental and control group. Method: True experimental research design and A quantitative research approach was carried out on 60 nursing staff selected by simple random sampling technique to test the effectiveness of kriya yoga. The data was collected by using Beck anxiety inventory scale consist 21 questions. Results: Age distribution of staff nurses in the experimentalgroup: 6.67% aged 24 -26 years 10% aged 27 -29 years 6.67% aged 30 -32 years 76.67% above 33 years Age distribution of staff nurses in the control group: 3.33% aged 24 -26 years 13.33% aged 27 -29 years 10% aged 30 -32 years 73.33% above 33 years Gender distribution of staff nurses: Experimental group: 30% males, 70% females Control group: 20% males, 80% females Residential area distribution of staff nurses: Experimental group: 53.33% rural, 46.67% urban Control group: 46.67% rural, 53.33% urbanMarital status of staff nurses: Experimental group: 76.67% married, 23.33% unmarried Control group: 86.67% married, 13.33% unmarried Impact of COVID -related deaths in family: Experimental group: 86.67% reported zero deaths, 10% reported one death, 3.33% reported more than two deaths Control group: 86.67% reported zero deaths, 10% reported one death, 3.33% reported two deaths Duration of work in the COVID unit: Experimental group: 3.33% worked for 3 months, 3.33% for 6 months, 60% for 1 year, and 33.33% for more than 1 year Control group: 3.33% worked for 6 months, 80% for 1 year, and 16.67% for more than 1 year Family income per month: Experimental group: 53.33% reported 20000 Rs, 46.67% reported more than 20000 Rs Control group: 60% reported 20000 Rs, 40% reported more than 20000 Rs Type of family: Experimental group: 63.33% from nuclear families, 26.67% from joint families, 3.33% from single parent families, and 6.67% from extended families Control group: 53.33% from nuclear families, 33.33% from joint families, 13.33% from single parent families, and no one from extended families History of COVID infection: Experimental group: 40% reported one time infection, 3.33% reported two times, and 56.67% reported no history of infection Control group: 33.33% reported one time infection, 3.33% reported two times, and 63. 33% reported no history of infection. Conclusion: The following conclusion were drawn from the findings of the present study. Their chapter shows that kriya yoga therapy is a simple non pharmacological intervention which should be carried out independently in the field of nursing. The overall experience of conducting this study was enriching hence it gives an opportunity to 185 the investigator to acquire new information as well as learning experience.The experience of the investigator during the study and the findings helped the investigators to give suggestion and the recommendation for further studies.

Visual impairment poses considerable challenges to mobility and everyday tasks, frequently leading to a more sedentary lifestyle and reduced physical fitness levels. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of a tailored aquatic exercise protocol on muscle activation and strength in visually impaired individuals. Thirty women who were blind (mean age = 29.03 ± 2.20 years) were randomly assigned to an experimental (EX) group and a control (CO) group. The EX group participated in three weekly 60-minute aquatic sessions, while the CO group maintained regular activities. Electromyography (EMG) activation and onset time were measured in the tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius medialis, rectus femoris, and biceps femoris. Muscle strength was also assessed in the ankle dorsiflexors and plantarflexors, as well as the knee flexors and extensors. The EX group showed increased EMG activation for the tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius medialis, rectus femoris, and biceps femoris in both anterior-posterior (2.23 MVIC%, 95% CI: 1.13 to 3.34, p < 0.001) and posterior-anterior directions (2.35 MVIC%, 95% CI: 1.80 to 2.91, p < 0.001) compared to CO group. Onset time decreased significantly in the EX group relative to CO group (anterior-posterior: -108.07 ms, 95% CI: -117.23 to -98.89, p < 0.001; posterior-anterior: -98.72 ms, 95% CI: -106.54 to -90.90, p < 0.001). Muscle strength significantly increased in the EX group compared to the CO group, with greater strength in ankle dorsiflexors (4.42 N/kg, 95% CI: 3.42 to 5.42, p < 0.001) and knee extensors (2.72 N/kg, 95% CI: 1.04 to 4.40, p < 0.001). The aquatic exercise program improved neuromuscular function and strength in women with visual impairments, supporting its use in rehabilitation. IRCT2017022132705N1.

This article focuses on teaching information literacy as a key tool for enhancing adolescents’ psychological security. The study emphasizes the critical role that information literacy plays in the lives of young people, particularly in addressing the challenges of the digital age. The authors draw on the works of both domestic and international scholars in the field of information and psychological security. The aim of this study is to highlight the critical role of information literacy in adolescent development and investigate how strengthening these skills contributes to psychological security in the digital age. The study involved 136 tenth-grade students, divided into control and experimental groups. The analysis of results, conducted using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Spearman correlation analysis, revealed statistically significant improvements in information literacy and emotional well-being among students in the experimental group. The study confirmed the existence of a relationship between the level of information literacy and indicators of adolescents’ psychological security in the digital environment. The obtained results indicate that the systematic integration of information literacy into the educational process may be important for developing adolescents' ability to withstand digital threats.

This study was designed to assess the impact of problem based learning on students’ critical thinking in science at elementary level. Major objectives of the study were to examine critical thinking’s of the students, to practice problem based learning through activities, and to evaluate critical thinking of the students after problem based activities. The study population was encompassed all students of 8th grade (20172) within District Muzaffar Garh. Sample consisted of total 50 students from within the same district. Twenty five students out of 40 were selected from Government Boys Elementary School Arshad Abad by using simple random technique as experimental group. Twenty five students out of 27 were selected from Government Boys Elementary Khara by using simple random technique as control group. The designs of study were pretest-posttest and Quasi experimental in nature. Problem based learning treatment pattern was applied. During 16-week treatment duration, the experimental group and the control group were treated with problem-based learning and taught through traditional lecture-based methods respectively. Data was collected from the control and experiment groups before and after four month problem-based learning through pre-test and posttest. After data collection, analysis of the data collected done through descriptive statistics by using mean, median, mode and standard deviation (SD) and inferential statistics by using t-test. Paired sample t-test was applied to measure significance difference value between the means of experimental and control group. T-test value is greater between experimental group and control groups in pretest than the significance value that shows there is significance statistical difference between experimental group and control group performances in pretest. Performance of experimental group is better. Value of T-test is greater between experimental and control groups in posttest than the significance value shows there is significance statistical difference in experimental and control groups performances in posttest. Experimental group performance is better. The experimental group performed better as compared to performance of control group in both pretest and posttest. But the difference in means of pretest of experimental and control group is very small than difference in means of posttest of experimental group and control groups. It depicts through problem based learning students’ critical thinking is highly improved.

We aim to use the ovariectomized cynomolgus monkey to observe the effect of long-term changes of sex hormone levels on ocular surface. Six healthy adolescent cynomolgus monkeys were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups (n=3/group). Bilateral ovariectomy was performed in experimental group, and sham operation was performed on control animals with their ovaries reserved. The concentrations of serum estradiol and testosterone in cynomolgus monkeys' lower-limb venous were detected by radioimmunoassay before surgery, and at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after the surgery. Phenol red cotton thread test, tear osmolarity, corneal fluorescein staining, and conjunctival impression cytology were performed to evaluate the ocular surface conditions before surgery, and at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after the surgery. The histological examinations of the bulbar conjunctiva and labial glands tissues were performed at 12 and 24 months after the surgery. There were no significant differences in the serum level of estradiol and testosterone between the experimental and control groups before surgery, at 6, and 12 months after surgery (P>0.05). Serum level of estradiol and testosterone were significantly less in experimental versus control group at 18 and 24 months after surgery (P<0.05). There was no significant differences in phenol red cotton between the experimental and control groups before surgery, at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after surgery (P>0.05). Tear osmolarity had no significant differences between experimental and control group before surgery (P>0.05), and it was significantly higher in experimental versus control group at all four time-points after surgery (P<0.05). The number of conjunctival goblet cells had no significant differences between experimental and control group before surgery, at 6 months after surgery (P>0.05), and it was significantly lower in experimental versus control group at 12, 18, and 24 months after surgery (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the corneal fluorescein staining score between the experimental and control groups before surgery, at 6, 12, and 18 months after surgery (P>0.05), and it was higher in experimental than control group at 24 months after surgery (P<0.05). In addition, inflammatory cell infiltration in bulbar conjunctiva and labial glands tissues was observed in experimental group and was unobserved in control group at 24 months after surgery. Ovariectomy led to decreased sex hormone levels in cynomolgus monkey. In turn, tear osmolarity was increased, the number of conjunctival goblet cells were decreased, the corneal fluorescence staining was increased, and the pathological examination of the bulbar conjunctiva and labial glands tissues were abnormal, phenol red cotton thread test did not change significantly.