The effective temperature scale of M dwarfs

Abstract

Despite their large number in the Galaxy, M dwarfs remain elusive objects and the modeling of their photospheres has long remained a challenge (molecular opacities, dust cloud formation). Our objectives are to validate the BT-Settl model atmospheres, update the M dwarf T eff -spectral type relation, and find the atmospheric parameters of the stars in our sample. We compare two samples of optical spectra covering the whole M dwarf sequence with the most recent BT-Settl synthetic spectra and use a \c{hi}2 minimization technique to determine Teff . The first sample consists of 97 low-resolution spectra obtained with NTT at La Silla Observatory. The second sample contains 55 mid-resolution spectra obtained at the Siding Spring Observatory (SSO). The spectral typing is realized by comparison with already classified M dwarfs. We show that the BT-Settl synthetic spectra reproduce the slope of the spectral energy distribution and most of its features. Only the CaOH band at 5570{\AA} and AlH and NaH hydrides in the blue part of the spectra are still missing in the models. The Teff-scale obtained with the higher resolved SSO 2.3 m spectra is consistent with that obtained with the NTT spectra. We compare our Teff scale with those of other authors and to published isochrones using the BT-Settl colors. We also present relations between effective temperature, spectral type and colors of the M dwarfs.