Abstract
Ear training and musical literacy (ETML) education is one of the main dimensions of the bachelor degree program of music teacher education departments, which provides professional music education. In ETML education, hearing, sight-reading and dictation studies for Turkish music makams have an important place. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of different instrument sources and tuning systems; namely, equal tempered or traditionally tempered, on the modal dictation performances of students in dictation exercises in the scope of ETML education. This research was conducted with 56 bachelor degree music education students who were taking ETML course. While equal tempered and traditional instruments (piano and kanun) were used as the sound source in the research, examples of equal difficulty level in Huseyni makam scale, which is one of the main makams of Turkish music, were used as dictation material. Both instruments were tuned in accordance with both the equal temperament and the traditional makam system so that four different dictation types were created. As a result of the research, it has been determined that the students are more successful when piano is used in dictation than kanun-dictated trials and in terms of tuning system, the students are found to be more successful with equal tempered system when compared with traditional tuning system. The instrument and tuning interaction was not statistically significant.
Highlights
Through musical education, which is defined as bringing musical behaviors for certain purposes through a person's own experience and changing these behaviors in a certain way through their own experiences; it is aimed to meet the aesthetic needs of the society as well as the individuals, to develop the musical taste, to satisfy the artistic creation instinct, to make the musical life more healthy, more effective and productive (Ucan, 2005; Say, 2005).Music education is divided into three types as general, amateur and professional music education with different purposes and functions
Ear training and musical literacy (ETML), voice and instrumental education, which are included in the scope of music education in the schools that provide professional music education, take place in the first place (Ucan, 2005) and among these aforementioned courses, ETML education is the basis for the activities to be carried out in a healthier and correct way
In the Music Teacher Training Program, which is prepared by Higher Education Institution (HEI), ETML education continues for 6 semesters and it is seen that the contents of the course are very intensive and comprehensive
Summary
Through musical education, which is defined as bringing musical behaviors for certain purposes through a person's own experience and changing these behaviors in a certain way through their own experiences; it is aimed to meet the aesthetic needs of the society as well as the individuals, to develop the musical taste, to satisfy the artistic creation instinct, to make the musical life more healthy, more effective and productive (Ucan, 2005; Say, 2005).Music education is divided into three types as general, amateur and professional music education with different purposes and functions. Ucan (2005) defined ETML education as "the ability to perceive, recognize, remember, distinguish, solve and analyze perceivable musical whole, elements, materials, features and relations with hearing sense". This course, which has been included in the curriculum in 2007 by the Higher Education Institution (HEI) under the name of ear training and musical literacy in the Music Teaching Program of the Teacher Training Undergraduate Programs of the Education Faculties provides students with theoretical knowledge about music, musical hearing, musical reading, musical writing, musical thinking, musical creation, musical analysis, musical evaluation skills (Aydogan, 1998, as cited in Er, 2012). In the Music Teacher Training Program, which is prepared by HEI, ETML education continues for 6 semesters and it is seen that the contents of the course are very intensive and comprehensive
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