The effect of the researchers, research and development expenditure as innovation inputs on patent grants and high-tech exports as innovation outputs in OECD and emerging countries especially in BRIICS

Abstract

According to the correlation tests (Pearson Correlation and Spearman's rho) analysis with the cross-section data for forty-eight countries of OECD and some emerging countries including BRIICS countries, R&D expenditures, patents and FDI have high positive effect on high-tech exports and there is a low positive relationship with high-tech exports and researchers. For causality analysis of raw data with Granger causality test it is seen that only researchers does Granger cause R&D. For Toda Yamamota causality test (Wald test) patents and FDI cause high-tech exports. R&D and researchers cause patents too. It can be said that researchers and R&D end up with patent grants and patents will cause an increase in high-tech exports. The results of the OLS does show an adequate relationship between high-tech exports and patents, between R&D expenditures and FDI while high-tech exports and researchers do not have.