Abstract
Introduction: Angioplasty is widely used as a selective treatment for acute coronary syndromes. The complications of this procedure often lead to an increase in the length of the patients’ stay and hospital costs. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of using sand and ice bags on hematoma and hemorrhage after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, study was completed with participation of 60 patients with femoral angioplasty candidate, referring to Imam Reza hospital in Mashhad, were randomly divided into control and intervention groups. In the control group, a sand bag was placed on the location for up to 4 hours. In the intervention group, the ice bag and the sand bag were used simultaneously for 15 minutes, and then for 45 minutes, with the pressure of the sand bag only. This cycle was repeated four times. Hemorrhage (volume and weight) and hematoma (area and lump) were checked four times. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22.Results: The rate of hemorrhage after intervention was significantly reduced in the intervention group compared to the control group. Although the incidence of hematoma in the intervention group decreased from control to 20% to 6.7%, but the statistical test was not significant.Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, the simultaneous sand-ice bag application can reduce post-PCI’ hemorrhage (and hematoma rate, though insignificantly) through compression and vasoconstriction.
Highlights
Angioplasty is widely used as a selective treatment for acute coronary syndromes
The typical coronary artery disease (CAD) assessment method is angiography which is considered as the gold standard for the diagnosis of CAD and has recently become the most common diagnostic intervention used for heart patients.[5]
An annual approximation of 3 million percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) angioplasty cases is accomplished in the United States, about 95% of which is performed via femoral arteries.[4]
Summary
Angioplasty is widely used as a selective treatment for acute coronary syndromes. The complications of this procedure often lead to an increase in the length of the patients’ stay and hospital costs. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, the simultaneous sand-ice bag application can reduce post-PCI’ hemorrhage (and hematoma rate, though insignificantly) through compression and vasoconstriction. The typical CAD assessment method is angiography which is considered as the gold standard for the diagnosis of CAD and has recently become the most common diagnostic intervention used for heart patients.[5] Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) refers to all CAD-restorative interventions performed through catheterization under fluoroscopic guidance such as balloon angioplasty, stenting and Atherectomy.[6] Currently, an annual approximation of 3 million PCI angioplasty cases is accomplished in the United States, about 95% of which is performed via femoral arteries.[4] These interventions, are not risk-free, rather they are often associated with general and vascular complications.[7] The general PCI complications include cardiac tamponed, dysrhythmia, pneumothorax, hypovolemia, cardiac arrest and arterial embolism while the vascular complications of PCI procedure involve hematoma, microvascular aneurysm, hemorrhage, edema, painful catheter insertion site, embolism, arterial occlusion, arterial spasm, arteriovenous fistula and retroperitoneal hematoma, all of which increase the risk of mortality, morbidity, treatment costs and prolonged hospitalization.[8] PCI complications are more likely to occur in the femoral arteries.[7]
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