Abstract
Two synthesized eco-epoxy components based on TA: (A) glycidyl ether and (B) glycidyl phosphate ester, are used, as a replacement for the Bisphenol A (BPA) based epoxy component, for bonding aluminum (Al) and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). Their effect on the mode I fracture toughness (GI) is evaluated by Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) testing while using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) for in-situ crack tip monitoring. Compared to the reference adhesive, an improvement of (GI) of Al (43%) and CFRP (100%) is obtained when using adhesive B. Moreover, regardless of the adherend material, a stick-slip pattern of crack growth is observed. Weak adhesion of the reference adhesive leads to an adhesive failure vs. a cohesive-adhesive failure in the case of adhesive B. On the contrary, the modification of adhesive A has an adverse effect on the GI of Al (−33%) and CFRP (−78%) as opposed to their reference counterparts.
Highlights
The growing consumption of polymeric materials led to higher environmental and economic concerns, which in return resulted in encouraging more research and development activities of bio-based monomers and replacement of petroleum derivatives [1]
Two synthesized eco-epoxy components based on Tannic acid (TA): (A) glycidyl ether and (B) glycidyl phosphate ester, are used, as a replacement for the Bisphenol A (BPA) based epoxy component, for bonding aluminum (Al) and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)
Two eco-epoxide components based on TA were syn thesized: (A) epoxy functionalized and (B) epoxy ester phosphate deri vate of TA and used as a replacement of the BPA based component for bonding Al and CFRP adherends
Summary
The growing consumption of polymeric materials led to higher environmental and economic concerns, which in return resulted in encouraging more research and development activities of bio-based monomers and replacement of petroleum derivatives [1]. Bio-based resources such as lignin, tannin and cellulose possess numerous hydroxyl groups in their structure, which are highly favorable in establishing good adhesion properties on various substrates [14,15,16]. Besides their good adhesive properties, their phenolic groups contribute to high thermal stability and fire resistance properties. Tannins are employed in the production of formaldehyde wood adhesives since 1970s [20] Nowadays, they are attracting more attention in the syn thesis of prepolymers for bio-based epoxy resins and adhesives [21,22,23,24].
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