Abstract
The effect of metal (II)-containing composites based on extracellular metabolites of basidiomycetes Pleurotus ostreatus, Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola umbellata and Laetiporus sulphureus on the viability and response of potato plants in vitro has been investigated. The Lukyanovsky variety of potato, which is susceptible to ring rot, caused by the bacterium Clavibacter sepedonicus, was studied. The parameters investigated included biofilm formation by Clavibacter sepedonicus, various morphometric parameters of plants and the phytotoxicity of substances of fungal origin. The greatest anti-biofilm-forming effect was observed in metal-containing biocomposites based on G. lucidum; Fe- and Co-containing biopreparations inhibited the formation of Clavibacter sepedonicus biofilms by 40–50%. The plant height was adversely affected by composites, in the absence of metal (II), derived from L. sulphureus and P. ostreatus, as well as by a Co-containing composite derived from P. ostreatus. The decrease in plant growth, in comparison with the control, can be associated with the pronounced antibiotic properties of these basidiomycetes and cobalt. The remaining biocomposites studied did not have an adverse effect on the growth of potatoes in vitro. A number of morphometric parameters (length of internodes, number of leaves) remained virtually unchanged when exposed to biocomposites of fungal origin. In contrast to the vegetative part of plants, the biomass and length of the roots increased by 10–20% under the influence of biocomposites. Copper-containing composites derived from G. lucidum had no phytotoxic effect on plants and enhanced potato resistance to Clavibacter sepedonicus. The beneficial properties of biocomosites may be judged by the degree of stimulation of the physiological processes underlying the formation of the underground part of the plants, which is a prerequisite for increasing yields. The biocomposites are environmentally friendly because of their natural origin and being effective at very low doses. The results obtained using metal-containing biocomposites derived from G. lucidum and Gr. umbellata demonstrate the safety and possible improvement in health of potato plants by using biocomposites derived from cultures of higher fungi.
Highlights
Bacteria of the genus Clavibacter infect a wide range of cultivated and weed plants [1], including plants of the Solanaceae family, which are the most important agricultural crops [2]
The total pool of extracellular metabolites was isolated from submerged cultures of Pleurotus ostreatus, Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola umbellate and Laetiporus sulphureus, and found to contain products derived from the introduced metal (II) salts which were produced by fungal biotransformation (Table 2)
In the present work studying metal-containing preparations of fungal origin applied to plant specimens, we selected biocomposites from those studied previously, which were characterized by a noticeable antibacterial effect against Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus (Cms)
Summary
Bacteria of the genus Clavibacter infect a wide range of cultivated and weed plants [1], including plants of the Solanaceae family, which are the most important agricultural crops [2]. There are no drugs of chemical or biological origin capable of limiting the spread of bacterial potato diseases, and the use of biocontrol agents is highly problematic [1]. There is an opportunity to develop substances that are effective in combating bacteria, safe to use with the plants and possibly beneficial for the health of the potato when affected by the phytopathogenic gram-positive bacterium Cms. Biocomposites of fungal origin avoid both the environmental risks associated with modern chemical pesticides and the increasing resistance of phytopathogens to chemical pesticides [7]; phytopathogens decrease both the yield and quality of these strategically important crops [8]. The most satisfactory solution would be to identify preparations based on natural compounds
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