Abstract
Current study aims to investigate how the respiratory resistive loading affects the behaviour of the optimal chemical-mechanical respiratory control model, the respiratory signals and breathing pattern are optimized under external dead space loading and CO2 breathing. The respiratory control was modelled to include a neuro-muscular drive as the control output to derive the waveshapes of instantaneous airflow, lung volume profiles, and breathing pattern, including total/alveolar ventilation, breathing frequency, tidal volume, inspiratory/expiratory duration, duty cycle, and arterial CO2 pressure. The simulations were performed under various respiratory resistive loads, including no load, inspiratory resistive load, expiratory resistive load, and continuous resistive load. The dead space measurement was described with Gray’s derivation, and simulation results were studied and compared with experimental findings.
Highlights
Among recently developed respiratory control models [1,2,3,4,5,6], possible optimality principle has found to be existed in the modeling of the respiratory control [6,7,8]
We found IRL generally resulted in higher amplitude of p(t) and V(t) with more concave upward, prolonged inspiratory duration (t1), and higher duty cycle (TI/T) for the waveforms in resting state (Rest), Case-1s, and Case-3
With a unified prediction of exercise and chemical responses was shown entirely in terms of conventional feedback-mechanisms based on the optimal chemicalmechanical respiratory control model, instead of using a separate stimulus signal, we use a human respiratory control model to simulate the effect of mechanical resistive loading on the optimized respiratory signals and breathing patterns
Summary
Among recently developed respiratory control models [1,2,3,4,5,6], possible optimality principle has found to be existed in the modeling of the respiratory control [6,7,8]. Tracheostomized ponies were utilized to determine the effect of reducing anatomical dead space on PaCO2 (arterial CO2 pressure) during CO2 inhalation. It was concluded [23] that the relationships of ventilatory responses did not differ between normal and decreased dead space cases with tracheostomy breathing. The ventilatory response during external dead space breathing and CO2 inhalation were studied [25] for a given increase in PETCO2 with different levels of PETO2 in human subjects. Poon et al [33] examined the steady-state effects of expiratory resistive loading on the time course of inspiratory and postinspiratory muscle activities and ventilatory pattern during quiet breathing from five conscious human subjects.
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