Abstract
Sleep is an active and complex rhythmic state that may be affected by the aging process. The purpose of present research was to investigate the effect of low and moderate intensity aerobic exercises on sleep quality in older adults. The research method is quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design. The statistical sample included 45 volunteer elderly men with age range of 60-70 years-old that divided randomly in two experimental groups (aerobic exercise with low and moderate intensity) and one control group. In each group selected 15 older adults based on inclusion and exclusion criteria (such as, without sleep apnea, not smoking, and no taking hypnotic drugs). First, all subjects were evaluated by a doctor to confirm their physical and mental health. Also, the maximum heart rate (MaxHR) of subjects was obtained by subtracting one's age from 220. Furthermore, based on aerobic exercise type (40-50% MaxHR for low intensity group and 60-70% MaxHR for moderate intensity group) the target MaxHR was calculated for each subject. The exercise protocol consisted of 8 weeks aerobic exercises (2 sessions in per-week) based on Rockport one-mile walking/running test and the control group continued their daily activities. All subjects in per-test and post-test stages completed the Petersburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). In pre-test stage, results showed that there were no significant differences between control and experimental groups in sleep quality and its components (P>0.05). On the other hand, results in post-test stage showed that there were significant differences between control and experimental groups in these variables (P<0.05). Also, the Tukey Post Hoc showed that the moderate intensity group scores in total sleep quality and its components were better than other groups (P<0.05). Finally, the low intensity group scores in total sleep quality and its components were better than control group (P<0.05). Generally, the present research showed that the aerobic exercises with moderate intensity (60-70% MaxHR) have a positive and significant effect on sleep quality and its components. Thus, based on these findings, the aerobic exercises with moderate intensity is a useful to improve the sleep quality and its components among community older adults were recommended.
Highlights
Sleep is one of the vital aspects for overall health, especially in older adults
Based on aerobic exercise type (40-50% maximum heart rate (MaxHR) for low intensity group and 60-70% MaxHR for moderate intensity group) the target MaxHR was calculated for each subject
Interventions: For safety and risks associated with aerobic exercises in older adults, all of them were evaluated by a doctor to confirm that their physical and mental health
Summary
Sleep is one of the vital aspects for overall health, especially in older adults. Sleep disorders and sleep disturbance are highly problems that reported by 39–75% of older adults.[1,2,3] In the United States, the epidemiologic studies reported that almost half of the older adults have difficulty in sleep onset and maintenance.[3,4] The most common sleep complaint in older adults is insomnia.[5]. Studies specific on the older adults indicated that symptoms of insomnia and sleep disturbances are associated with daytime dysfunction, poorer cognitive function and quality of life, depression, activity limitations, fatigue, emotional distress, increased risk of falls and increased incidence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.[3,5,7] several studies have showed that older adults spend a smaller percentage of time in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and a higher percentage of time in light sleep (stages 1 and 2 sleep).[8,9]
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