Abstract
It has become increasingly obvious to all biological electron microscopists that staining and shadowing techniques must be eliminated, and the rapidly advancing technology of water trapping devices demands it. If we are to view biological systems at the molecular level or in a condition approaching the physiological state, contrast must be enhanced by electron optical means, not by specimen alteration.Therefore, we have investigated Zernike type phase contrast, the principle of which is shown in Fig.1. Our phase plates consist of a carbon film carried on a 30μ objective aperture and are centrally drilled with a laser microscope made available by the American Optical Co. Because our phase plates incorporate a 30μ aperture the results are expressed as a ratio of phase contrast to 30μ aperture contrast. Fig.3 shows the early results of Dr. H. M. Johnson, previously of this laboratory.
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