Abstract
Membrane-based reverse electrodialysis (RED) can convert the salinity gradient energy between two solutions into electric power without any environmental impact. Regarding the practical application of the RED process using natural seawater and river water, the RED performance depends on the climate (temperature). In this study, we have evaluated the effect of the feed solution temperature on the resulting RED performance using two types of pilot-scale RED stacks consisting of 200 cell pairs having a total effective membrane area of 40 m2 with different intermediate distances (200 µm and 600 µm). The temperature dependence of the resistance of the solution compartment and membrane, open circuit voltage (OCV), maximum gross power output, pumping energy, and subsequent net power output of the system was individually evaluated. Increasing the temperature shows a positive influence on all the factors studied, and interesting linear relationships were obtained in all the cases, which allowed us to provide simple empirical equations to predict the resulting performance. Furthermore, the temperature dependence was strongly affected by the experimental conditions, such as the flow rate and type of stack, especially in the case of the pilot-scale stack.
Highlights
The ever increasing energy demand worldwide and environmental issues such as CO2 emissions have led to an increased focus on renewable energy sources such as wind, sun and hydro power [1,2]Among all of the renewable sources used for energy production, salinity gradient energy (SGE) is known to be one of the most readily available and appropriate
reverse electrodialysis (RED) system equipped with 200 and 600 μm spacers using model seawater and river water as the addition, we have investigated the effect of the temperature of the feed solutions on the power output of a pilot-scale RED system equipped with 200 and 600 μ m spacers using model seawater feed solutions
(35 °C), the RED stack with 200 μ m spacers and a feed solution flow rate of 4 L/min showed the highest net power output (~22.7 W (0.57 W/m2)) among the all experimental conditions used in this study
Summary
The ever increasing energy demand worldwide and environmental issues such as CO2 emissions have led to an increased focus on renewable energy sources such as wind, sun and hydro power [1,2]. Seawater and river water have been mainly considered as the feed solutions in the RED process because they are readily available In this case, RED power density has been varied. The effect of temperature on the individual feed solutions and membrane investigated the effect of the temperature of the feed solutions on the power output of a pilot-scale resistance was considered in order to discover the most effective parameter in the RED stack. In. RED system equipped with 200 and 600 μm spacers using model seawater and river water as the addition, we have investigated the effect of the temperature of the feed solutions on the power output of a pilot-scale RED system equipped with 200 and 600 μ m spacers using model seawater feed solutions. The flow rate of the feed solutions was changed as well as the temperature to investigate their combined effects on the RED power output
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