Abstract
This study examines how the energy renovation of old detached houses affects the hourly power consumption of heating and electricity in Finland. As electrification of heating through heat pumps becomes more common, the effects on the grid need to be quantified. Increased fluctuation and peak power demand could increase the need for fossil-based peaking power plants or call for new investments to the distribution infrastructure. The novelty in this study is the focus on hourly power demand instead of just annual energy consumption. Identifying the influence of building energy retrofits on the instantaneous power demand can help guide policy and investments into building retrofits and related technology. The work was done through dynamic building simulation and utilized building configurations obtained through multi-objective optimization. Deep energy retrofits decreased both the total and peak heating power consumption. However, the use of air-source heat pumps increased the peak power demand of electricity in district heated and wood heated buildings by as much as 100%. On the other hand, peak power demand in buildings with direct electric heating was reduced by 30 to 40%. On the building stock level, the demand reduction in buildings with direct electric heating could compensate for the increase in the share of buildings with ground-source heat pumps, so that the national peak electricity demand would not increase. This prevents the increase of demand for high emission peaking power plants as heat pump penetration rises. However, a use is needed for the excess solar electricity generated by the optimally retrofitted buildings, because much of the solar electricity cannot be utilized in the single-family houses during summer.
Highlights
The European Union (EU) aims to reduce CO2 emissions by 80% compared to 1990 levels by the year 2050 [1]
The green lines show the district heating demand for buildings that have been retrofitted to the minimum cost level, D
Analyzing the hourly power demand of buildings helps in planning future generation capacity and backup and energy storage investments
Summary
The European Union (EU) aims to reduce CO2 emissions by 80% compared to 1990 levels by the year 2050 [1]. Despite tightening regulation of new buildings, the existing energy-inefficient building stock that has mostly been built before modern regulations remains the biggest source of building-based emissions. To tackle this issue, the EU has called for national retrofit strategies to effect a positive change in the existing buildings as well [4]. Finnish building code requires the consideration of energy efficiency whenever renovation tasks are performed on buildings [5] This is important, as 79% of Finnish buildings have been built before the year 2000 [6] and certain mandatory renovation work provides a chance for lower cost energy efficiency improvements as well
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