Abstract
Photovoltaic (PV) solar fields are deployed with multiple rows. The second and subsequent rows are subject to shading and masking by the rows in front. The direct beam incident radiation on the second row is affected by shading and the diffuse incident radiation is affected by masking, expressed by sky view factor. Hence, all rows, besides the first one, receive lower incident radiation. The design of PV fields must take into account the decrease in the incident radiation caused by these two effects. The paper investigates by simulation the annual incident diffuse, direct beam and global radiation on the first and on the second row for optimized PV fields at two sites: Tel Aviv, Israel, with low diffuse component, and Lindenberg–Germany monitoring station, with a high diffuse component. The study emphasizes the importance of the diffuse incident radiation on the energy loss of the PV field. The percentage annual global energy loss due to shading and masking on the second row amounts to 1.49% in Tel Aviv and 0.46% in Lindenberg. Isotropic and anisotropic diffuse models were considered. The calculated diffuse incident energy for the isotropic model is lower than the values for anisotropic model by about 8% in Tel Aviv and 3.75% in Lindenberg.
Highlights
Photovoltaic (PV) collectors are usually deployed in a number of rows facing south on horizontal or on inclined planes
The calculated diffuse incident energy for the isotropic model is lower than the values for anisotropic model by about 8% in Tel Aviv and 3.75% in Lindenberg
The article deals with the effect of uneven diffuse incident radiation on the PV cells within the module caused by the effect of the local view factor along the module’s surface
Summary
Photovoltaic (PV) collectors are usually deployed in a number of rows facing south (in the northern hemisphere) on horizontal or on inclined planes. The second and subsequent collector rows are subject to shading and masking (expressed by the sky view factor) by the rows in front. Shading affects the direct beam radiation [1,2] and masking affects the diffuse incident radiation on the rows [3]. The amount of masking on the collector varies along the collector width causing uneven incident diffuse radiation on the PV modules. The article deals with the effect of uneven diffuse incident radiation on the PV cells within the module caused by the effect of the local view factor along the module’s surface. The present study investigates the annual incident diffuse, direct beam and global radiation on the first and on the second row for optimized PV fields. An optimal design of a PV field may be formulated mathematically as a constrained optimization problem comprising of an Energies 2019, 12, 3471; doi:10.3390/en12183471 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies
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