Abstract
A chronic decline of the groundwater levels has become one of the hot issues affecting groundwater resources management. The rising global temperature, the high frequency of extreme weather (higher temperature and stronger evaporation, heavy or less rainfall), and unreasonable management policies have become important driving factors, causing a dynamic change in groundwater levels, in many regions. This study aims to explore the impact of climate and non-climate factors on groundwater levels in the Jinghuiqu irrigation district. The climatic phases were defined by rainfall anomalies, and the Mann–Kendall trend test statistic (M–K test) and Sen’s slope method were used to statistically analyze the influence of temperature (1950–2017) and rainfall (1980–2017) on the groundwater level. The results showed that: (1) Dry, normal, and wet phases occurred alternately, including two normal, two wet, and one dry periods (Wet 1980–1984; Normal 1985–1996; Dry 1997–2002; Wet 2003–2011; Normal 2012–2017). (2) The groundwater levels in the dry phase, decreased significantly by 0.62 m/year (p < 0.05), and the groundwater levels in the wet phases did not have a complete recovery, due to the excessive extraction of groundwater. Meanwhile, extreme weather became an important signal to reflect the change of groundwater levels. (3) The groundwater levels decreased significantly in the west and northwest (p < 0.05), but not in the southeast, due to the regional difference of groundwater extraction, which is the primary factor resulting in a chronic decline of groundwater levels. (4) Besides human activities, temperature had a higher correlation with groundwater levels (p < 0.05), which indicated that the potential impact of climate change on groundwater levels should not be ignored while setting groundwater resource management policies for a sustainable cycle of atmosphere–land–water.
Highlights
The dynamic change of groundwater levels is affected by climate change, which is the general agreement reached by academics and governments [1,2,3,4]
(4) Besides human activities, temperature had a higher correlation with groundwater levels (p < 0.05), which indicated that the potential impact of climate change on groundwater levels should not be ignored while setting groundwater resource management policies for a sustainable cycle of atmosphere–land–water
This study focused on the response among the climate factors, groundwater extraction, and the well–canal irrigation ratio, to the groundwater levels change
Summary
The dynamic change of groundwater levels is affected by climate change, which is the general agreement reached by academics and governments [1,2,3,4]. A large number of studies have shown that climate change has become an important factor affecting groundwater resources with a complicated process [5]. According to relevant research reports, groundwater recharge is affected by climate change, and especially climate warming and the reduction of rainfall have been non-negligible factors causing declining groundwater levels [6]. Many regions of the world are faced with groundwater recharge imbalances [9,10,11]. Under ideal conditions (stable climatic conditions, sustainable exploitation rate), the recharge and discharge of groundwater can reach a balance. Whether the balance can be maintained is a concern of many regions in the world
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