Abstract
The effects of alcohol on cardiovascular health are heterogeneous and vary according to consumption dose and pattern. These effects have classically been described as having a J-shaped curve, in which low-to-moderate consumption is associated with less risk than lifetime abstention, and heavy drinkers show the highest risk. Nonetheless, the beneficial effects of alcohol have been questioned due to the difficulties in establishing a safe drinking threshold. This review focuses on the association between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular risk factors and the underlying mechanisms of damage, with review of the literature from the last 10 years.
Highlights
The effects of alcohol on health are various and heterogeneous and vary depending on the dose and pattern of consumption [1,2] (Figure 1)
The authors concluded that aged white wine (AWW) could maintain endothelial integrity with greater ability compared with gin, and that this ability could be attributed to grape-derived components [42]
This study showed no specific effect of alcoholic beverage type on Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG) [77]
Summary
The effects of alcohol on health are various and heterogeneous and vary depending on the dose and pattern of consumption [1,2] (Figure 1). The effects of alcohol on health can vary depending on the amount (i.e., low-to-moderate versus heavy consumption) and pattern of intake (i.e., acute, binge, or chronic drinking) [5,6,7]. According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, the recommendations for moderate alcohol intake are considered as two standard drinks a day for men and one standard drink a day for women, which has been shown to reduce the risk of chronic disease. Itsversus wide effects alcohol health canproduced vary depending on the (i.e., low-to-moderate negative health effectsand arepattern mainlyof attributable differences inter-individual variability, type heavy consumption) intake (i.e.,toacute, binge, in or sex, chronic drinking) [5,6,7]. This review will focus on the association between cardiovascular risk factors (i.e., hypertension, diabetes mellitus type 2, and dyslipidemia) and alcohol consumption and its underlying mechanisms of damage, with review of the literature from the last 10 years
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