Abstract
Background : Garcinia mangostana L. has been extensively used for years as antioxidant and anti-inflammation. However, its role in the context of endothelial disease was lacking. Objectives : To assess the effect of add-on G. mangostana L. extracts on endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes subjects with high-risk Framingham score, compared to placebo. Methods : This was a prospective cohort study conducted in type 2 diabetes subjects with high-risk Framingham score. Subjects were randomized into two groups. The first group received 2,520 mg/day of G. mangostana L. extract. The second group was given a placebo for 90 days. The outcome measure of our study was the levels of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC), circulating endothelial cell (CEC), nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and fasting blood glucose. Multiple linear regression was used to determine the correlation and effect estimate. Results: A total of 49 patients were included in our study. Of those, elevated levels of EPC and SOD were observed in treatment group compared to placebo. On the other hand, the level of CEC, IL-1, Il-6, NO, MDA, TNF-α, fasting blood glucose and HbA1c was found significantly lower than placebo. Conclusion: Garcinia mangostana L. extract is associated with an increased levels of EPC and SOD, and it is also correlated with a decreased levels of CEC, IL-1, Il-6, NO, MDA, TNF-α, fasting blood glucose and HbA1c.
Highlights
Endothelial dysfunction has been widely known to contribute in the development of atherosclerosis and its complication
The outcome measure of our study was the levels of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC), circulating endothelial cell (CEC), nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and fasting blood glucose
Garcinia mangostana L. extract is associated with an increased levels of EPC and SOD, and it is correlated with a decreased levels of CEC, IL-1, Il-6, NO, MDA, TNF-α, fasting blood glucose and HbA1c
Summary
Endothelial dysfunction has been widely known to contribute in the development of atherosclerosis and its complication. The endothelium place an important role as a mechanical and biological barrier between the blood and the vascular wall. This process requires a balance between pro and anti inflamatory mediators. In the theory of atherosclerosis, it was known that NO, IL1, and IL6 were involved in the development of endothelial dysfunction. Our present study aimed to assess the effect of Garcinia mangostana L. extract on the levels of EPC, CEC, NO, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, HbA1c, hs-CRP, MDA, SOD and fasting blood glucose. Our current findings were expected to provide the primary data of the role of Garcinia mangostana L. extract in the development of endothelial dysfunction
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