Abstract
Simple SummaryThe Cat/Dog–Owner Relationship Scale (C/DORS) is a questionnaire aimed to assess specific aspects of the pet–owner relationship. While the entire scale can be administered to both dog and cat owners, its validity and reliability have never been tested on dogs. Furthermore, validity and reliability of a scale may change depending on the respondents’ language and cultural background. Since the C/DORS was developed in English, we aimed to translate it into Italian and assess its validity and reliability on a sample of Italian dog owners. The response scale was modified to improve the variability of the owners’ responses. Overall, validity and reliability were good. The scale had the same three-factor structure (Perceived Emotional Closeness = PEC, Pet–Owner Interactions = POI, Perceived Costs = PC) reported for the original English version, although some items were removed because they did not fit the statistical model. The PEC subscale had the highest correlations with the subscales of the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale. Finally, being a student owner was associated with higher PEC and POI scores. Conversely, owning a dog with behavioural problems was associated with lower PEC and higher PC. Owners whose dogs lived outdoors reported lower POI. Pet dog owners reported higher PEC than AAI dog owners. The Cat/Dog–Owner Relationship Scale (C/DORS) can be administered to both dog and cat owners. However, the scale as a whole has never been validated on a sample of dog owners. Furthermore, it has never been translated into Italian. The aim of this study was to translate the C/DORS into Italian, modify its response scale in order to improve the degree of response variability, and test its validity and reliability on a sample of dog-owners. Exploratory factor analysis revealed the same three-factor structure (Perceived Emotional Closeness = PEC, Pet–Owner Interactions = POI, Perceived Costs = PC) as the original English version, although some items had to be removed because of low- or cross-loadings. The validity of the construct was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis, by the correlations between each of the subscales and the C/DORS total score, and by the correlations with the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale. Cronbach’s α values for each subscale were above acceptable levels. Student owners scored higher on PEC and POI than owners with other occupations. Owners of dogs with behavioural problems scored lower on PEC and higher on PC. Keeping the dog outdoor was associated with lower POI. Finally, pet dog owners scored higher on PEC than AAI dog owners.
Highlights
From the beginning of the 1980s, several scales have been developed to assess human perception of pet–owner relationship, such as the Pet Attitude Scale (PAS) [1], the CENSHARE Pet Attachment Survey [2], the Companion Animal Bonding Scale (CABS) [3] and the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale (LAPS) [4]
The Cat/Dog–Owner Relationship Scale (C/DORS) is a relatively new scale that combines all the items from the Monash Dog–Owner Relationship Scale (MDORS) [11], a widely used scale that assesses the dog–owner relationship, and the Cat–Owner Relationship Scale (CORS) [22] a similar tool that instead focuses on the cat–owner relationship
While we find it hard to find a clear and comprehensive explanation for this result, especially in relation to the lower scores obtained by owners who work with animals, we can discuss those variables we believe may have led to this finding
Summary
From the beginning of the 1980s, several scales have been developed to assess human perception of pet–owner relationship, such as the Pet Attitude Scale (PAS) [1], the CENSHARE Pet Attachment Survey [2], the Companion Animal Bonding Scale (CABS) [3] and the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale (LAPS) [4]. The scale is composed of 23 items with 0–3 Likert-scale response options that allow the respondents to indicate their level of agreement with each item In their original study, Johnson et al [4] found that the LAPS items related to three attachment dimensions that they named “General
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