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Abstract
Cells with contractile functions are present in almost all metazoans, and so are the related processes of muscle homeostasis and regeneration. Regeneration itself is a complex process unevenly spread across metazoans that ranges from full-body regeneration to partial reconstruction of damaged organs or body tissues, including muscles. The cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in regenerative processes can be homologous, co-opted, and/or evolved independently. By comparing the mechanisms of muscle homeostasis and regeneration throughout the diversity of animal body-plans and life cycles, it is possible to identify conserved and divergent cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying muscle plasticity. In this review we aim at providing an overview of muscle regeneration studies in metazoans, highlighting the major regenerative strategies and molecular pathways involved. By gathering these findings, we wish to advocate a comparative and evolutionary approach to prompt a wider use of “non-canonical” animal models for molecular and even pharmacological studies in the field of muscle regeneration.
Highlights
One particular challenge in regenerative biology concerns the development of reconstructive strategies after muscle-related injuries, and the treatments of degenerative myopathies for which no reliable clinical strategy exists such as muscle dystrophy, sarcopenia, cachexia, to mention just a few [1,2]
The musculature is a tissue specialized in contraction and cells with contractile functions functions are are present present in in almost almost all all metazoans metazoans but, but, despite despite their their structural structural similarity, similarity, the the origin origin of of muscles is considered to be the outcome of a process of convergent evolution
Deeper mechanistic studies of animal diversity have been made possible by the availability of a broader and affordable toolbox of technical resources such as genomics, transcriptomic, connectomics, and many other molecular biology techniques [245]
Summary
One particular challenge in regenerative biology concerns the development of reconstructive strategies after muscle-related injuries, and the treatments of degenerative myopathies for which no reliable clinical strategy exists such as muscle dystrophy, sarcopenia, cachexia, to mention just a few [1,2]. The musculature is a tissue specialized in contraction and cells with contractile functions functions are are present present in in almost almost all all metazoans metazoans but, but, despite despite their their structural structural similarity, similarity, the the origin origin of of muscles is considered to be the outcome of a process of convergent evolution [5]. Animals adopt different basic strategies of regeneration that include the the activation of adult stem stem cells, the dedifferentiation of preexisting cells, and/or the proliferation of differentiated cells, the dedifferentiation of preexisting cells, and/or the proliferation of differentiated cells. Understanding molecular pathways and mechanistic regenerative capabilities events may insights into potentialthe methods to unlock regeneration in animalsunderlying where the regenerating offer insights into e.g., potential methods to unlock regeneration in attenuated animals where the regenerating are more restricted, mammals. Elucidating muscle regeneration in metazoans provides opportunities to ‘model’ a complex biological process relevant to human health and offers a window into fundamental principles underpinning this important response
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