The Disposition to Cheating in Sport Questionnaire (CDED-KE) Adaptation in Kenyan University Students

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This study contains partial results of a larger, comprehensive international research. University students from two countries (Hungary, Kenya) participated in the research. On the one hand, the goal was the cultural adaptation of internationally validated questionnaires related to the topics of fair play, sportsmanship, cheating, and gamesmanship in Kenya, as well as their Hungarian validation. The aim is to present the results of the validation procedure in Kenya, as well as the Kenyan cultural adaptation of an internationally validated index/scale among university students. The Disposition to Cheating in Sport Questionnaire (CDED), developed by Ponseti et. al (2012), was employed to explore the level of cheating and gamesmanship. The reliability of the questionnaires was examined using Cronbach’s Alpha values. For the CDED, the Cronbach’s Alpha (α) is also 0.765. Based on the results, the scales were found to be valid in the Kenyan sample, the adaptation was successful, and the name of the questionnaire is CDED-KE. 1,278 university students participated in the study. 54.9% (701 people) are men, 45.1% (577 people) are women. In terms of age, the youngest participant was 18, while the oldest was 50, and the average age was 23.6 years (SD = 5.022). The students filled out the questionnaire online and on paper. In addition to descriptive statistics, a two-sample T-test, a one-way ANOVA test, and Pearson’s correlation were used. The level of significance was set at 0.001 or 0.005. IBM SPSS 26.0 software was used for analysis. When examining the variables, it was found that there were no significant results in the two examined subscales (gamesmanship and cheating) of the questionnaire with regard to gender, major studied and the field of study, sporting habits (sport, type of sport). Thus, these variables do not affect young people’s attitudes towards accepting and using cheating and gamesmanship. However, the acceptance of gamesmanship decreases with increasing age, although the weak, negative relationship cannot be ignored. According to the results, the adaptation procedure of the CDED-KE questionnaire was successful, the questionnaire is reliable and applicable