Abstract
The initial development of finite element analysis was largely due to the needs of aerospace structural design, where the theory of thin shells was used everyday. This fact explains the great number of papers devoted to this subject by engineers. A broad picture of much current thought and research on the application of different types of finite element methods to shell problems, with emphasis on numerical aspects, is done in ASHWELL-GALLAGHER [1976]. In this book, KNOWLES, RAZZAQUE and SPOONER [1976, p. 245] classify the finite element concepts for the representation of generally curved thin shells into three groups: (i) The faceted form using flat elements; (ii) Curved shell elements formulated directly from appropriate thin shell theories; (iii) Isoparametric solid elements specialized to tackle thin shells by applying, in discrete form, appropriate thin shell assumptions (for example, Kirchhoff’s normality hypothesis).
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