The development of RBL-STEM learning materials to improve students' combinatorial thinking skills in solving the rainbow anti-magic coloring problem and it’s application on subsidized fuel distribution using STGNN

Abstract

Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education has become a primary focus in the development of higher education curricula. RBL-STEM education involves research-based learning methods and integrates science, technology, engineering, and mathematics in real-world contexts. One important thinking skill in RBL-STEM is combinatorial thinking, which involves the ability to combine elements from different groups and create various combinations. In this context, this study aims to develop an RBL-STEM learning tool that can enhance students' combinatorial thinking skills in solving the problem of rainbow anti-magic coloring. The development of the RBL-STEM tool includes Student Task Design (RTM), Student Worksheet (LKM), and Combinatorial Thinking Skills Test (TKBK) using the 4D development model (define, design, develop, and disseminate). The results of the tool development show good validity with a score of 3.58 for Student Task Design (RTM), a score of 3.53 for Student Worksheet (LKM), and a score of 3.5 for Combinatorial Thinking Skills Test (TKBK). The trial was conducted with 23 students, and the use of the RBL-STEM tool was assessed as practical and effective with an implementation rate of 95%. Additionally, students were highly active with a participation rate of 95.5% and provided a very positive response of 93% towards the learning. Pretest and posttest analysis indicated an improvement in students' combinatorial thinking skills in solving the problem of rainbow anti-magic coloring.