Abstract
Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) as a technique for determining transition-element oxidation states offers several advantages over other methods. Chemical shifts as a function of oxidation state were determined for Ti 3+-Ti 4+ (2 eV), Mn 2+-Mn 4+ (3 eV) and Fe 2+-Fe 3+ (2 eV). The edge energies remain the same for a particular oxidation state, irrespective of the sample, confirming that EELS can be applied to oxidation-state determinations. Several experimental problems were encountered: poor edge resolution at low transition-element contents, difficulties in detecting mixed oxidation states, and in situ oxidation of hydrous minerals, probably through hydrogen loss.
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