The determinants of cash waqf re-endow intention in Malaysia

The important role of waqf as a source of funds and low Muslim’s awareness on cash waqf collectionversus it potential cash waqf in Indonesia push this study. This study aims to determine the level ofunderstanding of the Muslim societies in Surabaya on cash waqf and the factors that influence it, eitherinternal or external factors. Descriptive statistics, Z test, and multiple regression analysis are used for primarydata collected by distributing questionnaires to the Muslim societies in Surabaya. The results show that themost Muslim do not understand cash waqf. The level of understanding is influenced by by internal andexternal factors. The internal factor is knowledge of religion and the external factor is access to informationmedia. To improve understanding of the Muslim societies about cash waqf needs to increase religiousknowledge and access to information media, either print or electronic media.

Waqf is one of Islamic philanthropy that can develop the economy of ummah. Indonesia has a big waqf potential but in reality the waqf assets are unproductive. One of development action to put waqf assets to good use is by applying cash waqf. But the realization of cash waqf collection is still far from of the existing potential. It is caused by the low literacy of the public about the cash waqf, hencemost of the waqf assets is utilized as mosques, tombs and other immovable property. The aim of this research is to describe respondent characteristics and to analyze factors that affecting people’s perception on cash waqf. This research was conducted in Bandung city uses 100 respondents who ever or never give cash waqf. The data is obtained by using questioner in ordinal scale and likert. This research uses a descriptive quantitative approach. Data analyzing conducted bydoing validity test and realibility test using binary logistic regression analyzingis conducted for determining factor that influence citizen perception of cash waqf. The result shows people’s perception on cash waqf is significantly influenced by internal factor namely comprehension about cash waqf and external factor namely cash waqf convenience.

In the modern era, the waqf concept has become more sophisticated and comprehensive and through it, many financial products and social programs have been developed, for instance, cash waqf and some security papers such as Shares-Waqf, Sukuk-Waqf, etc. Therefore, cash waqf can also be used in microenterprises to efficiently channel funds (interest free-funds) to microenterprises to alleviate poverty and decrease unemployment. Recently, several products for cash waqf in microenterprises have been established, but they could not reach their targets since they need a significant contribution from Muslims in the society. Thus, lacuna exists to assess the intention of donners towards cash waqf for microenterprises empirically. Therefore, this paper aims to determine the factors influencing the intention to endow cash waqf for microenterprises based on four variables namely, the concept of cash waqf, trust, religiosity motivation, and social culture.The survey method was carried out on 200 respondents in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Factor analysis and multiple regression were used to estimate the relationship between variables. The results indicated that the concept of cash waqf, trust, and social culture have a significant relationship with the intention to endow CWME. Hence, practitioners can emphasize on the three factors in their marketing efforts to promote CWME. Academicians may also benefit by conducting more research in this area of knowledge.

In this case, the researcher investigates the students from Kuala Lumpur who study in Da’wa and Communication Faculty UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya. They have difficulties understanding Indonesian Grammar. Such as, when they write a scientific papers or academic assignments, papers, and theses. The factors that make them experience problems in understanding Indonesian are derived from internal and external factors. Internal factors are in their spirit to learn Indonesian and External influences have a significant impact on their ability to learn Indonesian verbally and in writing. UIN Sunan Ampel has a BIPA program. This is placeis for learning Indonesian language skills (speaking, writing, reading, and listening) for language speaking. This research applied a type of qualitative descriptive research. It aims to describe, analyze, and provide an accurate systematic description of the communication problems experienced by Kuala Lumpur international students pursuing undergraduate education at UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya. The research data were obtained from observations and interviews with research subjects. The researcher used a case study for this research approach. This research was conducted on five international students from Kuala Lumpur in semesters 4, and 8 at UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, in semesters 6 there are no students from Kuala Lumpur precisely at the Faculty of Da'wah and Communication. All data collected is analyzed, and then the results are written into a series of sentences in paragraphs. The qualitative descriptive method was applied in this study through observation and interviews. This study found that the understanding of language experienced by Kuala Lumpur. The factors that make them experience problems in understanding Indonesian are derived from internal and external factors. Internal factors themselves and external influences have a significant impact on Kuala Lumpur students' ability to learn Indonesian verbally and in writing a student lies in understanding written and spoken. AbstrakDalam hal ini, peneliti menyelidiki mahasiswa asal Kuala Lumpur yang belajar di Fakultas Dakwah dan Komunikasi UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Mereka kesulitan memahami Tata Bahasa Indonesia. Misalnya saja ketika mereka menulis karya ilmiah atau tugas akademik, makalah, dan tesis. Faktor yang membuat mereka mengalami kendala dalam memahami bahasa Indonesia berasal dari faktor internal dan eksternal. Faktor internal yaitu semangat mereka untuk belajar bahasa Indonesia dan pengaruh Eksternal mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kemampuan mereka dalam belajar bahasa Indonesia lisan dan tulisan. UIN Sunan Ampel mempunyai program BIPA. Tempat ini untuk pembelajaran keterampilan berbahasa Indonesia (berbicara, menulis, membaca, dan mendengarkan) untuk berbicara bahasa. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan, menganalisis, dan memberikan gambaran sistematis yang akurat mengenai permasalahan komunikasi yang dialami mahasiswa internasional Kuala Lumpur yang menempuh pendidikan sarjana di UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Data penelitian diperoleh dari observasi dan wawancara terhadap subjek penelitian. Peneliti menggunakan studi kasus untuk pendekatan penelitian ini. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada lima mahasiswa internasional asal Kuala Lumpur semester 4, dan 8 di UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, pada semester 6 tidak ada mahasiswa asal Kuala Lumpur tepatnya di Fakultas Dakwah dan Komunikasi. Seluruh data yang terkumpul dianalisis, kemudian hasilnya dituliskan dalam rangkaian kalimat dalam paragraf. Metode deskriptif kualitatif diterapkan dalam penelitian ini melalui observasi dan wawancara. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pemahaman bahasa dialami oleh Kuala Lumpur. Faktor yang membuat mereka mengalami kendala dalam memahami bahasa Indonesia berasal dari faktor internal dan eksternal. Faktor Internal dalam diri sendiri dan Pengaruh Eksternal Eksternal mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kemampuan siswa Kuala Lumpur dalam belajar bahasa Indonesia lisan dan tulisan. Siswa terletak pada pemahaman tulisan dan lisan.

Cash waqfis an Islamic tool in the Islamic Economic System. Cash waqf inculcates the culture of giving through Islamicphilanthropy. Cash waqfmust be used as a socio-economic development mechanism to create and develop a third sector that is not profit-motivated and distinct from private and public sectors. Awareness of cash waqf contributionand theobligation to donate are crucial amongMalaysians. Waqfinstitutions have seriously promotedwaqf financing instruments to enhance awareness and participation in society. However, awareness toward cash waqfin Malaysia lags behind that in Indonesia and Middle Eastern countries. this study examines the internal determinants of donors‟ (waqif) intention to participate in giving cash waqfamong Muslims in Malaysia. This studyis conducted using a quantitative approach based on constructed questionnaires to identify patterns of factors that influencecash waqfcontribution. Structural equation modelling technique is applied in the analysis. Findings show several internal factors, such as religious obligation, benevolence, familiarity with waqfinstitutions, and access to cash waqf, thathave strongrelationship with donors‟ intention to repeat contribution of cash waqfin the future. Waqfinstitutionsshould encourage people to donate cash waqfin Malaysia. However, mostof the respondents do not trust waqfinstitution. Trust is a significant internal factor in the intention to repeat contribution of cash waqf. Thus, waqfinstitutions should build good reputation and integrity to attract big contributors among Muslims in Malaysia and increase the level of intention among donors (waqif). Waqf institutions should consider these factors in planning their strategies to ensure adequate waqf funds that could accommodate further development for the benefit of the ummah. Keywords:internal factors, cash waqf, Islamic social finance, repeat cash waqf contribution,structural equation modelling (SEM)

Cash waqf is one of the Islamic economic instruments in the form of social funds and is voluntary. In addition, cash waqf can also be used as an alternative instrument to reduce poverty and inequality in Indonesia. However, the fact is evidenced by the data, that the realization of the collection of cash waqf is not in accordance with the calculation of its potential. One of the causes is the perception of each individual or society towards the cash waqf itself. This research was conducted to determine the public perception of cash waqf. The factors used in this study are factors of religiosity, income, education, understanding, and access to information media. The method used in this research is multiple regression analysis method. This research was conducted in the city of South Jakarta involving 100 respondents. The results of this study indicate that about 62% of the public know about cash waqf, but only about 38% have ever had cash waqf, so this is what makes the potential for the realization of its collection to be a gap. Based on the results of data analysis, it is known that the perception of the people of South Jakarta City is significantly influenced by the internal factors of the community itself, namely the level of individual understanding of cash waqf. While the internal factors that have no significant effect on people's perceptions of cash waqf are religiosity, income and education, the external factors are access to information media.

PurposeThis study aims to devise policies in implementing cash waqf system of Baitul Maal wat Tamwil (BMT) in Indonesia, enabling the BMT to optimize its commercial and social activities to better achieve outreach, sustainability and welfare impact.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses the strategic assumption surfacing and testing (SAST) method, with three groups of knowledgeable respondents, including expert, BMT practitioner and regulator to formulate important and certain policies.FindingsThe results show that four types of policies are required to improve cash waqf system of BMT, including 12 internal strategic policies, 15 internal operational policies, 15 external strategic policies and 9 external operational policies, which were found to be within a “certain planning region.” All of these policies have been agreed significantly by each group of respondents, as well as by all respondents combined. The most important-certain policies include Shiddiq, Amanah and professional Nazir, inculcate Islamic values to BMT employees and members, standard operating procedure and standard operating management of cash waqf management, technical assistance for Nazir to manage cash waqf and IT systems for BMT-cash waqf administration.Research limitations/implicationsThe qualitative method used has its limitations, which could be improved by incorporating other methods. Moreover, the case and respondents are all Indonesian, so that the results are possibly only applicable to BMTs in Indonesia.Practical implicationsBMTs could adopt these policies in implementing their cash waqf management optimally.Social implicationsThe management of cash waqf by BMT could help improve the social activities of the Baitul Maal directly from social cash waqf and indirectly from productive cash waqf.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study using SAST method to determine policies needed by the BMT to upgrade its cash waqf management producing more social programs for the society.

<p><strong>Introduction:</strong> The development of Islamic philanthropy, especially cash waqf, is gaining momentum in higher education institutions through the support of zakat and waqf management bodies. LAZISWAF UNIDA Gontor plays an important role in providing tuition assistance through waqf funds. However, the factors influencing individuals’ interest in contributing to cash waqf, particularly financial literacy and payment methods, remain underexplored. This study aims to examine (1) the effect of financial literacy on interest in cash waqf, (2) the effect of payment methods on interest in cash waqf, and (3) the combined effect of financial literacy and payment methods on interest in cash waqf at LAZISWAF UNIDA Gontor.</p><p><strong>Methodology:</strong> This study used a quantitative research approach was used with multiple regression analysis. The study involved 132 respondents selected through purposive sampling, comprising students who had knowledge or experience related to cash waqf. Data analysis was conducted using EViews 12 to assess relationships among the independent variables (financial literacy and payment methods) and the dependent variable (interest in cash waqf).</p><p><strong>Findings/Results:</strong> The results show that both financial literacy and payment methods significantly influence interest in cash waqf, both separately and together.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> A better understanding of waqf principles and the accessibility of digital payment options positively affect individuals' willingness to participate in cash waqf. The theoretical contribution of this study lies in its integrated approach by combining financial literacy and payment method variables to explain interest in cash waqf. This model provides practical insights for Islamic philanthropic institutions to enhance engagement strategies and improve waqf fundraising.</p>

Purpose This study aims to provide empirical evidence of the influence of cash waqf literacy and other factors, such as attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, trust and religiosity, on behavior in donating cash waqf. The authors extend the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to explain the behavior of donating cash waqf. Design/methodology/approach The authors surveyed 384 respondents selected using convenience and snowball sampling methods. Data were analyzed using SEM-PLS. Findings The authors report that indicators in the theory of TPB (attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control), public trust in waqf institutions and commitment of society to Islamic beliefs, principles and activities (religiosity) positively and significantly influence individual behavior in donating cash waqf. Moreover, the authors report that cash waqf literacy increases a person’s ability to read, understand, calculate and access information about cash waqf and thus enhances behavior in donating cash waqf. Research limitations/implications This study applied convenience and snowball sampling methods; access to the list of all cash waqf donors was not possible. The authors recommend further research involving waqf institutions in providing data on cash waqf donors. Practical implications This research implies that the government and waqf institutions need to increase cash waqf literacy by providing training, educational books or videos and collaboration with scholars and ulama to teach cash waqf actively. It is a crucial factor in enhancing public cash waqf donations. Originality/value This study modifies the TPB theory and reports that cash waqf literacy and public trust in waqf institutions strengthen the TPB theory and enhance donating cash waqf.

Micro Enterprises (MEs) in Malaysia becomes as an important engine for economic growth. Despite its importance and the continuous support from the government, MEs in Malaysia are facing some problems. Several earlier studies stated that Malaysian MEs face the problem of accessing finance due to many factors. Malaysian government has introduced and continued to assist Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) through the implementation of several policies, programmes and extensive financial resources allocations to enhance the activities of SMEs. However, these efforts have not been adequate to meet the needs of micro enterprises. The objectives of this study are: 1. To discuss the extent of the problems of (i) financing, (ii) human capital (iii) market accessibility (iv) innovation and technology adoption, and (v) infrastructure development faced by MEs in Malaysia. 2. To develop an alternative model that is available for effectively addressing the problems mentioned in (1) and 3. To analyze the probability that MEs will adopt the proposed model (cash waqf investment model). In methodology, primary data are collected using self-developed questionnaire (survey) This study focuses on MEs in Klang Valley (Selangor and Kuala Lumpur) since it records the highest number of such enterprises in the area. The analysis is conducted using statistical analysis and Logistic Regression analysis. The study finds that high probability of MEs opting for the proposed Integrated Cash Waqf model for their business financing is contributed by the high business annual turnovers, older entrepreneurs, those who have more awareness on cash waqf and those who have experienced applying loan recently.

The low level of cash waqf mobilization in Indonesia presents a significant challenge for Islamic philanthropy, attributed to various internal and external factors. This study addresses the gap in existing literature concerning the comprehensive analysis of factors that impact the low uptake of cash waqf and the strategic management approaches necessary to address these challenges. While previous research has examined aspects of cash waqf, there remains a need for a systematic approach that integrates problem, solution, and strategy analysis through the Analytic Network Process (ANP) method. The objectives of this study are to identify the key factors affecting cash waqf mobilization and to propose detailed solutions and strategies for effective management. Utilizing the ANP framework and the Problem-Solution Model, the study collects data from a sample of 7 experts and 7 practitioners. The analysis considers four dimensions—human resources, institutional frameworks, government, and society—and is organized into three clusters: problems, solutions, and strategies, with a focus on both internal and external factors. Key findings indicate that the low mobilization of cash waqf is primarily due to weak management systems within institutions. The study proposes that enhancing the Indonesian Waqf Board (BWI) through governmental support is a critical solution, while the application of information technology is identified as the main strategic priority. The study underscores the need for the government (particularly BWI) and waqf institutions (nazhir) to prioritize a robust cash waqf ecosystem through improved management, professionalization, literacy, and resource allocation. This research contributes to the limited body of literature on cash waqf mobilization by providing a comprehensive model for addressing both internal and external challenges, thereby offering valuable insights for Islamic finance policymakers and practitioners.

PurposeThis study aims to develop cash waqf models for Baitul Maal wat Tamwil (BMT), a special Islamic microfinance institution in Indonesia, combining Islamic social finance in Baitul Maal (house of wealth) division and Islamic commercial finance in Baitut Tamwil (house of asset development) division, as integrated Islamic social and commercial microfinance in Indonesia, to achieve triple bottom-line, including outreach, sustainability and welfare impact.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses Delphi and analytic network process methods, with three groups of relevant respondents, including experts (academic), BMT practitioners and regulators.FindingsThe results show that the best cash waqf model for BMT is “BMT as Nazir (waqf manager) and also as cash waqf receiver Lembaga Keuangan Syariah Penerima Wakaf Uang (LKSPWU)”, followed by “BMT Association as representative Nazir of several certified BMTs”. Moreover, “long-term investment deposit” is the best to account cash waqf in the BMT balance sheet. With regard to financing, the most preferred one is “financing to regular Micro and Small Enterprises” of BMT members.Research limitations/implicationsHaving allowed BMT to be Nazir (waqf manager), this research might only benefit Indonesian policymakers, such as the Financial Services Authority and the Ministry of Cooperatives, BMTs and the National Waqf Board. But it may also benefit other countries which have similar characteristics.Practical implicationsBMTs could adopt several alternatives of best models in managing cash waqf most appropriate for their specific conditions.Social implicationsThe management of cash waqf by BMT could help the social activities of the Baitul Maal through social cash waqf and, indirectly, by productive cash waqf.Originality/valueStudies have been limited, and to the best of the authors’ knowledge, there is no specific study discussing the integrated cash waqf model, cash waqf account and cash waqf investment appropriate for BMT.

Waqf social institutions continue to promote waqf literacy through their social media accounts to ensure that the public, especially the younger generation, can understand and develop an interest in Waqf. This study aims to determine how much cash waqf literacy and the social media content of waqf institutions influence the interest in giving cash waqf among Generation Z in Indonesia. The research method was quantitative, with primary data from 201 respondents using purposive sampling. The data analysis model in this study employs the Structural Equation Model Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS). The results indicate that 73 individuals, or 36.3% of Generation Z, have engaged in cash waqf. The study also shows that cash waqf literacy and social media content each have a partial positive and significant impact on the interest in paying cash waqf among Generation Z. Furthermore, the variable of social media content has a positive and significant impact on the interest in giving cash waqf through cash waqf literacy among Generation Z. This research suggests that waqf institutions should enhance and improve their social media content to increase cash waqf literacy, which could further boost interest in cash waqf.

The role of cash waqf in empowering the economy of Muslims needs to be continuously improved. This study assesses individuals’ behavior towards cash waqf from a behavioral finance perspective by proposing four elements of financial consciousness: financial locus of control, financial capability, financial willingness, and financial sophistication in encouraging cash waqf behavior. This study also investigates the moderating role of religiosity as a Muslim-specific internal factor. Data was collected from a questionnaire of 337 Muslim government employees in the Ministry of Religious Affairs of Indonesia. The Partial Least Square was used to analyze the data. The findings show that financial locus of control, financial capability, financial willingness, financial sophistication, and religiosity have a significant positive influence on individual behavior towards cash waqf. The findings also suggest that religiosity moderates the financial locus of control, as well as financial sophistication, on cash waqf. This implies that initiatives to increase Muslim participation in cash waqf should be embedded in behavioral finance patterns through a combination of financial consciousness and religiosity.

The Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in a weakening of the people's economy, which has caused the economic growth of a country to decline, therefore an alternative is needed to increase economic growth, one of which is waqf. Currently, cash waqf has reached Rp. 244 billion with the total nazhir of cash waqf reporting 111 institutions while for cash waqf institutions reaching 272, meaning that around 161 institutions have not reported collected cash waqf funds due to a weak level of knowledge about the management of cash waqf. It can be concluded that the money waqf management system is still weak so that the cash waqf has not been realized to the public, but if the cash waqf funds are collected it will make a new instrument for the government to improve the economy, especially during this pandemic. The realization of good waqf funds will ultimately increase the level of trust in waqf management which is transparent and accountable, therefore it is hoped that there is a need for socialization to the public regarding the role of the money waqf, and providing training for Nazhirs to be able to manage these waqf based on technology. Keywords: Cash Waqf, Covid-19 Pandemic, Welfare