Abstract
Automated driving technologies are rapidly being developed. However, until vehicles are fully automated, the control of the dynamic driving task will be shifted between the driver and automated driving system. This paper aims to explore how transitions from automated driving to manual driving affect user experience and how that experience correlates to take-over performance. In the study 20 participants experienced using an automated driving system during rush-hour traffic in the San Francisco Bay Area, CA, USA. The automated driving system was available in congested traffic situations and when active, the participants could engage in non-driving related activities. The participants were interviewed afterwards regarding their experience of the transitions. The findings show that most of the participants experienced the transition from automated driving to manual driving as negative. Their user experience seems to be shaped by several reasons that differ in temporality and are derived from different phases during the transition process. The results regarding correlation between participants’ experience and take-over performance are inconclusive, but some trends were identified. The study highlights the need for new design solutions that do not only improve drivers’ take-over performance, but also enhance user experience during take-over requests from automated to manual driving.
Highlights
Automated driving is an emerging technology that has received widespread attention recently, both in industry, academia and by the public
The findings show that the participants in general often had a negative experience in the transition from using the automated driving system to driving manually
The findings show that the majority of participants experienced a decline of user experience during the transition from automated driving and manual driving, and inconclusive results regarding the correlation between User experience (UX) in transition and take-over time
Summary
Automated driving is an emerging technology that has received widespread attention recently, both in industry, academia and by the public. In terms of the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)-taxonomy [2], conditional and high driving automation (L3–4) require drivers to resume manual control when the operational conditions of the system are no longer met. The performance of drivers who must resume control of the car has generated considerable research interest in recent years. This research shows that take-over times as well as aftereffects post take-over vary and are affected by factors such as the urgency of take-over [3], experience [4], traffic density [5] and engagement in non-driving related tasks [6,7,8]. See McDonald and colleagues [9] and Zhang and colleagues [10]
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