The Decarbonizing Strategies of China’s Iron and Steelmaking Industry: A Comprehensive Perspective

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Decarbonizing the iron and steelmaking industry is critical for China to pursue the net-zero emissions target and advance sustainable industrialization (SDG 9). This paper addresses the urgent need for decarbonization strategies in this sector, aiming to align with China’s carbon neutrality goals by 2060. By reviewing the current technological advancements and potential pathways for deep decarbonization, including process optimization, hydrogen-based direct reduction, and carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS), these decarbonization technologies are categorized into six strategic approaches: systemic energy efficiency improvement, resource recycling, process optimization and innovation, breakthrough smelting, product iterative upgrading, and CCUS. These strategies also align with SDG 13 (climate action) by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and SDG 7 (affordable and clean energy) through the promotion of clean energy technologies. These strategies are evaluated for their emission reduction potential and technological maturity. The results indicate that, while efficiency improvements and resource recycling are currently the most mature and widely implemented strategy, significant breakthroughs in hydrogen metallurgy and CCUS are essential for achieving long-term carbon neutrality. Based on an analysis, a comprehensive roadmap is proposed, detailing the near-term to long-term actions required for the industry’s transition. The near-term focus (up to 2030) should be on enhancing energy efficiency and process optimization, whereas the mid-term (2030–2050) focus should emphasize the adoption of hydrogen-based technologies and CCUS. By the 2050–2060 period, the industry should achieve widespread commercialization of breakthrough smelting technologies and CCUS, ensuring the achievement of carbon neutrality. This study intends to provide a systematic framework and strategic recommendations for policymakers and industry stakeholders to guide the decarbonization of China’s iron and steelmaking sector, addressing both technological and economic challenges to achieve sustainable and low-carbon development.