Abstract
In the last 30 years, C–C cross coupling reactions have become a reliable technique in organic synthesis due their versatility and efficiency. While drawbacks have been experienced on an industrial scale with the use of homogenous systems, many attempts have been made to facilitate a heterogeneous renaissance. Thus, this review gives an overview of the current status of the use of heterogeneous catalysts particularly in Suzuki and Heck reactions. Most recent developments focus on palladium immobilised or supported on various classes of supports, thus this review highlights and discuss contributions of the last decade.
Highlights
The importance of carbon–carbon bond forming reactions is well documented in literature [1,2,3].The industrial importance of Suzuki and Heck cross-coupling reactions along with numerous others in this general field has sparked great interest in C–C bond formation reactions
Heck and Suzuki reactions are typically catalysed by palladium based homogenous systems that have illustrated high turnover frequency (TOFs)
The “naked” palladium nanoparticles are the simplest form of heterogeneous catalyst for C–C cross-coupling reactions
Summary
The importance of carbon–carbon bond forming reactions is well documented in literature [1,2,3]. Heck and Suzuki reactions are typically catalysed by palladium based homogenous systems that have illustrated high turnover frequency (TOFs) These homogeneous catalysts require the use of ligands (phosphine or N-heterocyclic) to form active catalysts. The main challenge in the development of heterogeneous catalytic systems for C–C cross-coupling reactions has been in establishing the nature of the active catalyst species. Palladium nanoparticles have become one of the most interesting forms of heterogeneous catalysts because of their size- and shape-dependence, as well as their efficient catalytic activities in cross-coupling reactions [13,15]. The “naked” palladium nanoparticles are the simplest form of heterogeneous catalyst for C–C cross-coupling reactions Their use has been limited by the lack of efficient separation procedures; available separation techniques such as filtration and centrifugation are not very effective in achieving complete recovery of the nanoparticles. Palladium nanoparticle become less catalytically active upon for C–C cross-coupling reactions
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