The cosmic age crisis and the Hubble constant in a non-expanding universe

Abstract

The present paper outlines a cosmological paradigm based upon Dirac’s large number hypothesis and continual creation of matter in a closed static (nonexpanding) universe. The cosmological redshift is caused by the tired-light phenomenon originally proposed by Zwicky. It is shown that the tired-light cosmology together with continual matter creation has a universal Hubble constant H0=(512π2/3)1/6(GC0)1/3 fixed by the universal rate C0 of matter creation, where G is Newton’s gravitational constant. It is also shown that a closed static universe has a finite age τ0=(243π5/8GC0)1/3 also fixed by the universal rate of matter creation. The invariant relationship H0τ0=3π261/2 shows that a closed static universe is much older (≈one trillion years) than any expanding universe model based upon Big-Bang cosmology. It is this property of a static universe that resolves any cosmic age crisis provided that galaxy formation in the universe is a continual recurring process. Application of Dirac’s large number hypothesis gives a matter creation rate C0=4.6×10−48 gm cm−3 s−1 depending only on the fundamental constants of nature. Hence, the model shows that a closed static universe has a Hubble constant H0=70 km s−1 Mpc−1 in good agreement with recent astronomical determinations of H0. By using the above numerical value for H0 together with observational data for elongated cellular-wall structures containing superclusters of galaxies, it is shown that the elongated cellular-wall configurations observed in the real universe are at least one hundred billion years old.