The control of dry-out patterns using bubble-containing droplets

Abstract

Hypothesis: For an evaporating nanofluid droplet that contains a bubble inside, we suspect the bubble boundary remains pinned during evaporation whereas the droplet perimeter recedes. Thus, the dry-out patterns are mainly determined by the presence of the bubble and their morphology can be tuned by the size and location of the added bubble.Experiments: Bubbles with varying base diameters and lifetimes are added into evaporating droplets that contain nanoparticles with different types, sizes, concentrations, shapes, and wettability. The geometric dimensions of the dry-out patterns are measured.Findings: For a droplet containing a long-lifetime bubble, a complete ring-like deposit forms, and its diameter and thickness increases and decreases with the bubble base diameter, respectively. The ring completeness, i.e., the ratio of actual ring length to its imaginary perimeter, decreases with the decrease in bubble lifetime. The pinning of droplet receding contact line by particles near the bubble perimeter has been found to be the key factor leading to ring-like deposits. This study introduces a strategy of producing ring-like deposit and allows a control of the ring morphology in a simple, cheap, and impurity-free fashion, which is applicable to various applications associated with evaporative self-assembly.