Abstract
Simple SummaryIn the medical area and beyond one of the most important biomaterials is the silk fibroin (SF) produced by the Bombyx mori L. silkworm. This outstanding biopolymer has received great attention from researchers due to its unique properties. Among them, the most important characteristic of SF is the high level of biocompatibility with the human organism. The biocompatibility, high mechanical strength, biodegradability and the biologically active properties have put SF in the spotlight, and thus numerous biomaterials have been developed. Furthermore, by using genetic engineering, biomaterials have been obtained that exhibit enhanced properties. In a wide range of studies, SF was used in order to develop sponges, hydrogels, nanospheres and films. By using SF-based biomaterials, tremendous progress has been made in tissue engineering and cancer therapy. In the specialized literature, various methods have been described regarding both extraction and processing of SF as a functional material. Moreover, SF-based biomaterials have been successfully obtained by using ecological methods of processing. Therefore, SF is considered to be the foremost green material.Silk fibroin (SF) is a natural protein (biopolymer) extracted from the cocoons of Bombyx mori L. (silkworm). It has many properties of interest in the field of biotechnology, the most important being biodegradability, biocompatibility and robust mechanical strength with high tensile strength. SF is usually dissolved in water-based solvents and can be easily reconstructed into a variety of material formats, including films, mats, hydrogels, and sponges, by various fabrication techniques (spin coating, electrospinning, freeze-drying, and physical or chemical crosslinking). Furthermore, SF is a feasible material used in many biomedical applications, including tissue engineering (3D scaffolds, wounds dressing), cancer therapy (mimicking the tumor microenvironment), controlled drug delivery (SF-based complexes), and bone, eye and skin regeneration. In this review, we describe the structure, composition, general properties, and structure–properties relationship of SF. In addition, the main methods used for ecological extraction and processing of SF that make it a green material are discussed. Lastly, technological advances in the use of SF-based materials are addressed, especially in healthcare applications such as tissue engineering and cancer therapeutics.
Highlights
It has been proven that silk fibroin (SF) stimulates the attachment and growth of human cells [133]; it is not surprising that it became a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved biomaterial that can successfully be used as a scaffold in tissue engineering due to its unique properties and complex structure [2]
In order for it to be successfully used in tissue engineering, SF has to undertake a dissolution process, with different morphologies of the regenerated SF observed according to the different solvent systems used [134]
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Summary
Plays remarkable biological and mechanical properties such as controlled biodegradability, broin (RSF) can behigh obtained by eco‐friendly methods that reduce or remove the need for biocompatibility, optical transparency, flexibility, mechanical resistance and processeco‐properties combined with chemical solvents ability. Extraction and purification process make SF a promising material for sustainable manuIn recent years, numerous studies have been conducted focusing on the widespread facturing, enabling it to partially replace synthetic, plastic-based and non-biodegradable material use of SF as a functional biomaterial in the biomedical field.
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