Abstract
Millimeter-wave (mm-wave) communication opens up tens of giga-hertz spectrum in the mm-wave band for use by next-generation wireless systems, thereby solving the problem of spectrum scarcity. Maintaining connectivity stands out as a key design challenge for mm-wave networks deployed in urban regions due to the blockage effect characterizing mm-wave propagation. In this paper, we set out to investigate the blockage effect on the connectivity of mm-wave networks in a Manhattan-type urban region modeled using a random regular lattice, while base stations (BSs) are Poisson distributed in the plane. In particular, we analyze the connectivity probability that a typical user is within the transmission range of a BS and connected by a line-of-sight. First, we consider a single-tier network. By jointly applying the random lattice and stochastic geometry theories, a lower bound on the connectivity probability is derived as a function of building parameters (e.g., size and site occupancy probability) and BS parameters (e.g., transmission range and BS density). For the case of dense buildings, the bound is derived in a simpler form. Next, the preceding lower bounds are tightened based on the geometric technique of partitioning the irregular blockage-free region around the typical user. Moreover, the analysis is generalized to mm-wave channels with both LoS and NLoS paths. Finally, the results are extended to a $K$ -tier heterogeneous network (HetNet), where building heights are random, and depending on its height, a building can block the signals transmitted by a subset of BS tiers but not all. The analysis shows that the connectivity probability of the $K$ -tier HetNet increases linearly with the number of tiers. In general, our work quantifies the relation between the coverage of an mm-wave network and the parameters of building and BS processes, providing useful guidelines for deploying practical networks in a Manhattan-type region.
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