Abstract
Single-crystal YBa 2Cu 3O 7minus;δ was grown using a BaCuO 2 flux-growth method. The as-grown tetragonal single crystals were implanted with a dose of ∼ 1x10 17 ions/cm 2 of nickel using a metal-vapour vacuum arc ion source at room temperature. The resulting crystals were annealed once at 550°C in flowing oxygen at 1 atm for 60 h and again for another 48 h. The composition of the crystals at each stage was determined using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and the RUMP program. This showed an initial cation stoichiometry of 1:2:3, with sputtering of yttrium, barium and copper in the surface region due to the implantation of nickel. The oxygen stoichiometry was determined using X-ray diffraction, giving the final crystal oxygen content as 7.0±0.1 in the surface and near-surface region. This value agreed with susceptibility measurements which gave a T c of 93° K. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was also used to find the depth of diffusion for the nickel. This was found to be 2000 ű500 Å and there was no evidence for nickel substitution or oxide formation within the crystal lattice.
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