Abstract
To date, only one mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) in the Eumeninae has been reported in the world and this is the first report in China. The mitogenome of O.a.aterrimus is 17 972 bp long, and contains 38 genes, including 13 protein coding genes (PCGs), 23 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, a long non-coding region (NCR), and a control region (CR). The mitogenome has 79.43% A + T content, its 13 PCGs use ATN as the initiation codon except for cox1 using TTG, and nine genes used complete translation termination TAA and four genes have incomplete stop codon T (cox2, cox3, nad4, and cytb). Twenty-two of 23 tRNAs can form the typical cloverleaf secondary structure except for trnS1. The CR is 1 078 bp long with 84.69% A+T content, comprising 28 bp tandem repeat sequences and 13 bp T-strech. There are two gene rearrangements which are an extra trnM2 located between trnQ and nad2 and the trnL2 in the upstream of nad1. Within all rearrangements of these mitogenomes reported in the family Vespidae, the translocation between trnS1 and trnE genes only appears in Vespinae, and the translocation of trnY in Polistinae and Vespinae. The absent codons of 13 PCGs in Polistinae are more than those both in Vespinae and Eumeninae in the family Vespidae. The study reports the complete mitogenome of O.a.aterrimus, compares the characteristics and construct phylogenetic relationships of the mitogenomes in the family Vespidae.
Highlights
Animal mitochondrial genomes have been widely used in studies of molecular evolution, population genetic structure, and phylogeny because of their stable gene content, rapid evolutionary rate, relatively conserved gene arrangement, maternal inheritance, and infrequent recombination (Wolstenholme 1992; Saccone et al 1999; Oliveira et al 2008; Li et al 2017)
The complete mitogenome of O. a. aterrimus is a double-strand of circular molecular DNA and 17,972 bp
It contains 38 genes: 13 protein coding genes (PCGs), tRNAs, two rRNAs, a control region (CR), and a long non-coding region (NCR) (Figure 1), of which genes are situated in the majority strand (J-strand) and the other 14 genes are located in the minority strand (N-strand) (Table 2)
Summary
Animal mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) have been widely used in studies of molecular evolution, population genetic structure, and phylogeny because of their stable gene content, rapid evolutionary rate, relatively conserved gene arrangement, maternal inheritance, and infrequent recombination (Wolstenholme 1992; Saccone et al 1999; Oliveira et al 2008; Li et al 2017). The family Vespidae has more than 5000 known species worldwide, which are divided into six subfamilies, Euparagiinae, Masarinae, Eumeninae, Stenogastrinae, Polistinae, and Vespinae (Carpenter 1993), but their phylogenetics have not been settled. There have been ten mitogenomes sequences reported in the Vespidae (seven in the subfamily Vespinae, three in Polistinae, and one in Eumeninae) (Table 1). Among these six subfamilies, there are more than 3600 species in the subfamily Eumeninae worldwide, more than half of the known species of Vespidae. Orancistrocerus aterrimus aterrimus, the species under study in this work, belongs to the Eumeninae, and is widely distributed in China (Jiangsu, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi, Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan provinces), and Laos, Vietnam (Li 1985; Selis 2018)
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