Abstract
BackgroundMitochondrial (mt) genome sequences are widely used to understand phylogenetic relationships among parasites. However, no complete mt genome sequence is available in the family Anoplocephalidae to date. This study sequenced and annotated the complete mt genome of Anoplocephala perfoliata (Anoplocephalidae), and investigated its phylogenetic relationships with other species from the families Hymenolepididae, Dipylidiidae and Taeniidae of the order Cyclophyllidea using the amino acid sequences of the 12 proteins in their mt genomes.MethodsThe complete mt genome of A. perfoliata was amplified by Long-range PCR, sequenced using primer walking and annotated by comparing with those of other cestodes. Its phylogenetic relationship with the species from the families Hymenolepididae, Dipylidiidae and Taeniidae was inferred using the 12 protein sequences based on Maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods.ResultsThe complete circular mt genome sequence for A. perfoliata is 14,459 bp in size, and includes 12 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes and 22 tRNA genes. The mt gene arrangement of A. perfoliata is identical to those of previously reported Hymenolepis diminuta (Hymenolepididae) and Dipylidium caninum (Dipylidiidae), but slightly different from those of other taeniids due to an order switch between tRNA(S2) and tRNA(L1). The phylogenetic analyses showed that the Dipylidiidae was more closely related to Anoplocephalidae and Hymenolepididae than to Taeniidae. The relationship among the four families obtained by Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inferences based on predicted amino acid sequences of protein-coding genes is consistent with that based on their mt gene arrangement similarities.ConclusionsThis study determined the first mt genome for the family Anoplocephalidae, providing rich sources for selecting useful molecular markers for ecological and phylogenetic studies. Analyses on mt genome sequences of the four families of cestodes provide novel insights into their phylogenetic relationships. Of couse, more taxon sampling is necessary for future phylogenetic studies of these cestodes using mt genome sequences.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1172-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
Mitochondrial genome sequences are widely used to understand phylogenetic relationships among parasites
Amplification of mtDNA fragments The complete mitochondrial genomic DNA was amplified by PCR in three overlapping fragments using three pairs of primers (Additional file 1: Table S4), which were designed according to the published primers [14] used for amplifying short fragments of mtDNAs for all Taenia species
It is noteworthy that the gene order of A. perfoliata mt genome is identical to those of H. diminuta and D. caninum, but slightly different from
Summary
Mitochondrial (mt) genome sequences are widely used to understand phylogenetic relationships among parasites. The phylogenies of cyclophyllidean tapeworms have been widely studied based on morphological characters [1, 2] which are often convergent and Molecular tools, using specific genes and genomic regions (12S rDNA, 28S rDNA, cox, etc.) [3, 5,6,7,8,9,10], have been used to study phylogenetic relationships among groups of parasitic flatworms. Mt genome data provide useful molecular markers for population genetics and phylogenetic studies, there are some families in the cestode order Cyclophyllidea for which mtDNAs are still unavailable to date. Few studies on the phylogeny of cyclophyllidean cestodes are conducted at the family level based on complete mitochondrial DNA sequences [11, 14]
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