The Comparative Assessment of Effects on the Power System and Environment of Selected Electric Transport Means in Poland.

Katarzyna Markowska,Józef Flizikowski,Patrycja Bałdowska-Witos,Weronika Kruszelnicka,Kazimierz Bieliński,Andrzej Tomporowski,Łukasz Mazur,Robert Kasner

doi:10.3390/ma14164556

Katarzyna Markowska, Józef Flizikowski + Show 6 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164556

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Abstract

Currently, electric vehicles are a rapidly growing alternative to those with combustion engines and can contribute to reduction of CO2 emissions in the transport sector, especially when the energy to power electric motors is predominantly derived from renewable sources. Until now, the comparison of environmental impact and influence of electric transport means on the power systems was not fully addressed in the case of Poland. The purpose of the study is to describe, analyse and assess electric vehicles (EV) operation against performance indicators in Poland, especially the influence of electric transport means (ETM) (electric cars, trams, trolley buses and buses) on power system and environment. The influence on the power system was investigated for the Polish National Powers system using the simulation of different scenarios of loads generated by EV charging. The energy demand of the National Power System and daily load variability indices were determined. Based on the data of ETM powers consumption and emissions of energy production, the emissions of harmful gases per one km and per one person were calculated, as well as the financial outlays for energy necessary to drive 1 km per 1 passenger. To assess and compare the environmental impact of the selected ETM life cycle, the life cycle assessment method was used. The results of environmental impacts were determined for selected assessment methods: CML 2 and IPCC 2013 GWP 100. The functional unit in this study is one selected ETM with a service life of 100,000 km. Comparison of trams, trolley buses, buses and electric passenger cars indicates that most beneficial are electric buses which do not need rails or overhead lines, thus investment costs are lower.

Highlights

The first model of an electric motor vehicle dates back to the early 19th century
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0.00673 when we look at social aspects,0.217 we can see a better image: trams,0.07156 buses, trolley buses can carry much more passengers than passenger cars

Summary

Introduction

The first model of an electric motor vehicle dates back to the early 19th century Actions are being taken to introduce this type of vehicles into public transport systems [2,3]. These actions include, e.g., involvement of legislation organs in favour of electric vehicles [4,5,6]. The Act of 11 January 2018 on electromobility and alternative fuels provides for a number of benefits for electric vehicle drivers, including: PHEV hybrid passenger cars, the possibility of using electric vehicles on bus lanes, additional parking spaces, an increase in the rates of depreciation charges and an exemption from certain fees, which is to encourage citizens to purchase electric cars [7]. Spain provides grants for purchasing the electric vehicles and exempt from paying the car registration tax is available. Some other incentives could be found regional in Spain [9]

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