Abstract
Despite the increase in cognitive deficit following stroke in metabolic syndrome (MetS) condition, the therapeutic strategy is still limited. Since oxidative stress and neuroinflammation play the crucial roles on the pathophysiology of aforementioned conditions, the cognitive enhancing effect of the combined extract of Oryza sativa and Anethum graveolens was considered based on their antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and neuroprotective effects together with the synergistic effect concept. Male Wistar rats weighing 180-220 g were induced metabolic syndrome-like condition by using a high-carbohydrate high-fat diet (HCHF diet). Then, reperfusion injury following cerebral ischemia was induced by the occlusion of right middle cerebral artery and treated with the combined extract of O. sativa and A. graveolens (OA extract) at doses of 0.5, 5, and 50 mg/kg BW once daily for 21 days. Spatial memory was assessed every 7 days throughout the experimental period. At the end of the study, neuron and glial fibrillary acidic protein- (GFAP-) positive cell densities, the oxidative stress status, AChE, and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) in the hippocampus were determined. The results showed that OA extract at all doses used in this study significantly improved memory together with the reductions of MDA, TNF-α, IL-6, AChE, and density of GFAP-positive cell but increased neuron density in the hippocampus. Taken together, OA is the potential cognitive enhancer in memory impairment following stroke in MetS condition. The possible underlying mechanism may occur partly via the reductions of oxidative stress status, GFAP-positive cell density, and neuroinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 together with the suppression of AChE activity in the hippocampus. This study suggests that OA is the potential functional ingredient to improve the cognitive enhancer. However, further clinical research is required.
Highlights
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of metabolic disorders, is continually rising to 39-46% in every ethnic and age group [1]
O. sativa extract and A. graveolens contained the phenolic compounds at the concentrations of 824 62 ± 90 98 and 941 54 ± 41 63 μg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/mg extract while the concentration of this substance in the combined extract of O. sativa and A. graveolens (OA extract) was 1724 10 ± 159 73 μg GAE/mg extract
The current results showed that EC50 of O. sativa and A. graveolens via DPPH assay were 0 123 ± 0 01 and 0 065 ± 0 02 mg/ml while EC50 of both substances mentioned earlier via Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay were 2 56 ± 0 37 and 2 99 ± 0 055 mg/ml, respectively
Summary
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of metabolic disorders, is continually rising to 39-46% in every ethnic and age group [1]. Accumulative lines of evidence during the last decade reveal that MetS is closely associated with stroke risk [3,4,5]. A high proportion of stroke survivors develop cognitive impairment within 3 months after stroke [10]. This defect produces the great impact on the quality of life of the patients. Accumulative lines of evidence demonstrate that oxidative stress imbalance and neuroinflammation play the Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity crucial role on the pathophysiology of MetS, stroke, and cognitive impairment [11,12,13,14,15,16]. Based on the important role of both oxidative stress and inflammation mentioned earlier, they were considered as the target for neuroprotection
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