Abstract
Abstract Recently, 3D metal printing technologies are rapidly spreading. The various types of additive manufacturing (powder bed fusion, directed energy deposition, binder jetting, and sheet lamination) use very different approaches to produce materials/geometries. The material properties (e.g. porosity/density, strength, surface roughness, hardness) of additively manufactured materials differ from the traditional ones and strongly depend on the applied 3D printing parameters. Therefore, a crucial research direction is how the parameters affect the material properties. Currently, 3D metal printing technologies have limitations in the achievable geometrical accuracy and surface roughness. Therefore, they can rarely be used for part production without further machining. For high-quality requirements, an additional subtractive machining procedure is usually required. Consequently, another intensively researched topic is the machinability of 3D metal printed materials. The industry is increasingly demanding to integrate different manufacturing processes (additive and subtractive technologies) into one machine. These hybrid machines have the advantage that they can produce high-quality parts in one step.
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