Abstract
Abstract Childrearing is a challenge as well as a joy, whether the children are born to the parents or not. In the latter case, parenting is a matter of choice, sometimes influenced by necessity. In parenting of one's nonbiological children, there may be additional elements in the situation that affect all of the parties: previous experiences of the children, relationships with extended family members, and supervision by social welfare agencies or courts. The focus here is on the challenges, risks, and directions with which three groups of voluntary parents must come to terms: grandparents raising grandchildren, adoptive parents, and foster parents.
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