Abstract
The rapid agricultural development and mechanization of agronomic diligence has led to a significant growth in energy consumption and CO2 emission. Agriculture has a dominant contribution to boosting the economy of any country. In this paper, we demonstrate carbon dioxide emissions’ association with cropped area, energy use, fertilizer offtake, gross domestic product per capita, improved seed distribution, total food grains and water availability in Pakistan for the period of 1987-2017. We employed Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Perron unit root tests to examine the variables’ stationarity. An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing technique to cointegration was applied to demonstrate the causality linkage among study variables from the evidence of long-run and short-run analyses. The long-run evidence reveals that cropped area, energy usage, fertilizer offtake, gross domestic product per capita and water availability have a positive and significant association with carbon dioxide emissions, while the analysis results of improved seed distribution and total food grains have a negative association with carbon dioxide emissions in Pakistan. Overall, the long-run effects are stronger than the short-run dynamics, in terms of the impact of explanatory variables on carbon dioxide emission, thus making the findings heterogeneous. Possible initiatives should be taken by the government of Pakistan to improve the agriculture sector and also introduce new policies to reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide.
Highlights
The population of the world is growing rapidly, and demand for food is increasing with the passage of time, which leads to an increase in the productivity of agriculture
We demonstrate the association between CO2 emissions and agricultural production in Pakistan, including cropped area, energy use, fertilizer offtake, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, improved seed distribution, total food grains and water availability
In the short-run evidence, the results indicate that cropped area, energy use, fertilizer offtake and water availability coefficients have a significant linkage with CO2 emissions in Pakistan, with p-values of 0.0527, 0.0073, 0.0024 and 0.3382, respectively, which means a 1% increase in all variables has a positive association with CO2 emission increases of 0.03%, 0.61%, 0.31% and 0.20%, respectively
Summary
The population of the world is growing rapidly, and demand for food is increasing with the passage of time, which leads to an increase in the productivity of agriculture. Sci. 2019, 9, 1692 climate change impose additional costs on developing countries in attaining their developmental goals They affect the agricultural production and steady economic growth, and cause water and food shortages, an increased loss of forestry, and huge immigration issues [4]. Due to a rapidly growing population, the demand for energy, economic growth, and agricultural production is rising and CO2 emissions are increasing with the passage of time [6,7,8,9]. The agricultural sector is considered the major source of greenhouse gas emissions because agricultural practices are not sustainable enough to improve productivity and enhance food security [10,11,12]. The Conclusion and Recommendations section relate conclusions from the study and the resulting policy recommendations
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