Abstract
The structure and organization of hazard evaluation and toxicity testing protocols are discussed. It was concluded that more expensive, sophisticated tests can be carried out more efficiently if the results from simpler toxicity tests are available when the complex tests are designed. Simultaneous testing at different levels of biological organization is supported. The author believes there is no compelling evidence that single-species tests can be used to predict reliable responses at more complex levels of organization. Although tests at higher levels of organization may be expensive, many are less expensive than or comparable in cost to long-term, continuous-flow exposure tests of single species.
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