The cardiovascular complications in COVID-19: Focus on acute cardiac injury.

Sahrai Saeed,Ronak Rajani

doi:10.12669/pjms.37.3.4063

Abstract

At the end of 2019 a novel coronavirus was identified in Wuhan, China. The disease caused by the severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was designated COVID-19 (corona virus disease 2019) by the World Health Organization in early 2020. Up to 80% of patients with COVID-19 experience mild symptoms with severe or critical disease occurring in the remaining 20%. Severe disease is manifested by the development of pneumonia, hypoxia and radiographic lung involvement while critical disease indicates multiorgan involvement with significant respiratory or cardiac compromise. The current estimated case fatality rate from COVID-19 is approximately 1%. Epidemiological studies have shown that advanced age, male gender, previous chronic lung disease, cardiovascular and kidney disease, obesity and diabetes are risk factors for the severity of disease course. In the current focused review, we present an overview of the acute cardiovascular complications of COVID-19, their detection and impact upon prognosis.

Highlights

The first confirmed case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was registered in Wuhan, China one year ago
The disease rapidly spread to the entire world and was declared as pandemic by World Health Organization on 11th March 2020
Acute CV complications in COVID-19: Acute CV complications in active COVID-19 disease include chest pain, elevated cardiac biomarkers, tachycardia, cardiac injury, left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) failure, pulmonary hypertension, thromboembolic events, arrhythmias, hemodynamic instability and sudden death (Table-I, Fig.1)[10,11,12] Studies show that cardiac involvement in COVID-19 is highly prevalent with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations

Summary

INTRODUCTION

The first confirmed case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was registered in Wuhan, China one year ago. Acute CV complications in COVID-19: Acute CV complications in active COVID-19 disease include chest pain, elevated cardiac biomarkers, tachycardia, cardiac injury (acute coronary syndromes, stress cardiomyopathy, myopericarditis/myocarditis), left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) failure, pulmonary hypertension, thromboembolic events, arrhythmias, hemodynamic instability and sudden death (Table-I, Fig.1)[10,11,12] Studies show that cardiac involvement in COVID-19 is highly prevalent with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations These range from elevated myocardial enzyme levels in 54%, cardiac dysfunction in 41% and acute cardiac injury in 9% patients.[13] Acute cardiac injury in COVID-19 patients is associated with poor prognosis.

Acute CV complications Acute cardiac injury

Findings

CONCLUSIONS