Abstract
U NTIL now we have had no general study, and very few partial studies, of the attitude of the commercial classes of Europe to the French Revolution. We can trace here only a rouglh sketch, which we hope will show the way for research on this important problem. Our findings, it should also be said, are limited in both time and place. In time, they are restricted to the period called in the narrow sense, the period, that is, extending from about I789 to I799. As to place, we shall be concerned only with countries affected by the revolutionary conflagration during this period -the Low Countries, both Dutch and Belgian, the German Rhineland, Switzerland, Italy, and Egypt. We leave aside the countries where revolutionary propaganda was active, but where for various reasons it was not followed by revolution-Great Britain, Ireland, northern and central Germany (where
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