Abstract
The research includes analysis of: pH value, organic matter content, and the total concentration of manganese in eleven soil samples from different localities northeast of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sequential extractions of soil samples were also performed to determine the content of some form of binding manganese. Concentration of manganese in the flowers of calendula were also found and tested at these sites. From the obtained measurement, BCF (Bioconcentration Factor) values were calculated for the tested metal. Soil pH had values from 7.84 to 8.54, which puts them in the category of alkaline and strongly alkaline soil. The total concentration of manganese measured in soil samples do not exceed the limit values or are above average values. In the analyzed soil samples, the minimum content of manganese in the exchangeable fraction and the largest in the residual fraction and bound for oxides of manganese and iron. The concentrations of manganese in the flowers of calendula have not exceeded the permitted value. Statistical analysis of the results showed a weak linear correlation between pH value of an aqueous solution of the soil and the content of manganese in the flower, and linear correlation between manganese in the exchangeable fraction and the content of manganese in the flower. The calculated BCF values are very low and suggest that calendula growing on alkaline soil hasn’t got an expressed potential for accumulation of manganese.
Highlights
Adoption of metals from soil by plants is complex and depends on the concentration, mobility, chemical properties and dissolved forms of metals; biochemical condition and texture of the soil; meteorological conditions, i.e. temperature, humidity, durability emissions, as well as plant species
The desirable pH value of arable soil layer is 6.5 or more, because it provides a good immobilization of heavy metals and their minimal bioavailability as well as optimal availability of essential micro and macro elements
The results show a low value of available manganese in the soil samples, and a high strength of its binding to the solid phase of soil
Summary
Adoption of metals from soil by plants is complex and depends on the concentration, mobility, chemical properties and dissolved forms of metals; biochemical condition and texture of the soil; meteorological conditions, i.e. temperature, humidity, durability emissions, as well as plant species. Bioavailability is considered to be a fraction of a metal in the soil that is truly accessible to the receptor organism, which means that metal must be agile enough to come into contact with the plant and to the appropriate chemical form that allows it to be adopted by a plant and after the adoption to be switched in the metabolism [1]. Metal fractions that have low metal bonds to the respective fraction of soil are believed to be directly available to the plants which include: a metal dissolved in water (are in the form of ions in the soil solution), exchangeable fraction (metals adsorbed on soil colloids) and readily dissolved organometallic complexes. The first phase is adsorbed on the surface of roots, and actively transferred to the interior
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