Abstract
Waveform lidar provides both geometric and waveform properties from the entire returned signals. The waveform analysis is an important process to extract the attributes of the reflecting surface from the waveform. The proposed method analyzes the geospatial relationship between the return signals by combining the sequential waves. The idea of this method is to analyze the waveform parameters from sequential waves. Since the adjacent return signals are geospatially correlated, they have similar waveform properties that can be used to validate the correctness of the extracted waveform parameters. The proposed method includes three major steps: (1) single-waveform processing for the initial echo detection; (2) multi-waveform processing using waveform alignment and stacking; (3) verification of the enhanced weak return. The experimental waveform lidar data were acquired using Leica ALS60, Optech Pegasus, and Riegl Q680i. The experimental result indicates that the proposed method successfully extracts the weak returns while considering the geospatial relationships. The correctness and increasing rate of the extracted ground points are related to the vegetated coverage such as the complexity and density. The correctness is above 76% in this study. Because the nearest waveform has a higher correlation, the increase in distance of adjacent waveforms will reduce the correctness of the enhanced weak return.
Highlights
The generation of the digital surface model (DSM) or digital terrain model (DTM) from the remote sensing technology is an important task in many applications such as topographic mapping and geo-morphological analysis [1]
The DSM is commonly used in city modeling and land cover classification [2], whereas the DTM is often required for geological analysis [3,4]
This study aims to detect the weak returns from airborne small-footprint full-waveform lidar using waveform alignment and stacking
Summary
The generation of the digital surface model (DSM) or digital terrain model (DTM) from the remote sensing technology is an important task in many applications such as topographic mapping and geo-morphological analysis [1]. The precision of the peak implies the precision of the distance from the transmitter to the object Another issue of echo detection is the weak return from the ground under the steam, which is commonly caused by the low penetration of trees. Because most airborne lidar processing methods ignored the weak returns in the thresholding method [18], this study concentrates on the weak return echo detection based on the geospatial relationship. The major contribution of this study is the establishment of a geospatial-related waveforms analysis method to extract weak laser pulses. The idea of geospatial-related waveforms analysis is to obtain the additional ground point based on multiple waveforms. Single waveform processing while the proposed scheme considered geospatial-related waveforms and gained more information for an additional ground point. The objectives of the study are to detect the weak response of lidar data based on the geospatial relationship
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