Abstract
On Sunday, 8 November 1942, for the first time in three years, church bells rang throughout Britain in celebration of a great victory, in Egypt, at a place called El Alamein. For the first time in the war the Allies had won a major victory over the German army and one of its great generals. Since the beginning of the war in 1939, the British people had experienced only glimmers of sunlight during grim years of wartime rationing when people put cardboard in their shoes in place of nonexistent leather, and lard substituted for hair cream. Defeat followed defeat, and in 1942, British troops in the western desert thought more highly of German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel than they did of their own commanders. The Desert Fox seemed unbeatable, and [End Page 603] the Suez Canal and the Middle East itself seemed wide open to Axis conquest.
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