The Basic Needs Satisfaction in Sport Scale (BNSSS): Instrument development and initial validity evidence

Abstract

Objectives Employing a self-determination theory framework, the purpose of this project was to develop a measure of basic needs satisfaction in sport (autonomy, competence, and relatedness). Method Two studies were conducted to examine various aspects of reliability and validity. Hong Kong athletes ( n = 273; mean age = 20.75 yrs) participated in Study 1. Reliability and factorial validity was examined using alpha coefficients and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), respectively. New Zealand athletes ( n = 371; mean age = 18.97 yrs) participated in Study 2. Factorial validity was revisited; nomological validity was assessed using correlations between theoretically related constructs (motivation, flow, athlete burnout). Results In Study 1, good fit to the hypothesized three-factor model was found (CFI = .98, RMSEA = .06). Alpha coefficients ranged from .80 to .87. In Study 2, construct coverage of BNSSS was reviewed, Experts suggested that the autonomy subscale did not adequately cover the internal perceived locus of causality (IPLOC) and volition aspects of autonomy; thus we added six new items intended to tap these constructs. Model fit of the hypothesized five-factor model was examined using CFA (CFI = .97, RMSEA = .06). Alpha coefficients were: Competence = .77, Autonomy-Choice = .82, Autonomy-IPLOC = .76, Autonomy-Volition = .61, Relatedness = .77. Significant correlations ( p < .05) with scores representing theoretically related constructs were in the hypothesized direction. Conclusion Initial supportive evidence of reliability and construct validity of BNSSS scores was found. However, scale development is an ongoing process and future research is needed to further examine the validity of the BNSSS scores.