Abstract
Stuttering is a male-biased speech motor control disorder that lead to disruption in the rhythm of speech. The effect of sex on development of stuttering is well known; males are more susceptible to and less recovered from stuttering than female. Sex hormones have been studied as a main accused factor for this gender dependency of the disorder. The aim of this systematic review is to navigate the extent of previous research about the relationship of developmental stuttering and sex hormones. Toward these ends, a comprehensive, electronic review of past concepts regarding the relationship of stuttering with sex hormones and digit ratio as an indirect index for fetal testosterone exposure, in Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane database was carried out to identify potential studies for the review. Inclusion criteria were original quantitative research, written in English, used human subjects and published from 2000 through 2020. Findings were mixed, although potential patterns were identified. There were methodological limitations such as small participant numbers, in the targeted population in this review research. The findings from this current study add to the growing body of evidence demonstrating that sex hormone have a significant association with stuttering.
Highlights
Developmental stuttering is a multifactorial speech disorder defined as a disturbance in the normal verbal fluency characterized by involuntary frequent repetitions, blocks, and prolonged speech sounds
Two prominent theories address the influence of fetal testosterone exposure on cerebral lateralization; Geschwind and Galaburda (1987) proposed exposure to higher levels of fetal testosterone during critical periods of prenatal neurodevelopment shifts development of structures sub serving certain functions, such as language, predominantly to the right hemisphere jmbr.ccsenet.org Journal of Molecular Biology Research
Vol 10, No 1; 2020 (Geschwind & Galaburda 1987). They further suggested that the influence of prenatal testosterone exposure on left-hemisphere growth retardation would be more apparent in men
Summary
Developmental stuttering is a multifactorial speech disorder defined as a disturbance in the normal verbal fluency characterized by involuntary frequent repetitions, blocks, and prolonged speech sounds. There are two periods during which the male brain is exposed to higher levels of androgen than the female brain. Previous studies demonstrated that many predominantly male conditions might associated to a high level of fetal testosterone, which delays left hemisphere growth, causes right-hemisphere dominance for speech and language, and results in left-handedness. Two prominent theories address the influence of fetal testosterone exposure on cerebral lateralization; Geschwind and Galaburda (1987) proposed exposure to higher levels of fetal testosterone during critical periods of prenatal neurodevelopment shifts development of structures sub serving certain functions, such as language, predominantly to the right hemisphere jmbr.ccsenet.org. (Geschwind & Galaburda 1987) They further suggested that the influence of prenatal testosterone exposure on left-hemisphere growth retardation would be more apparent in men. We reviewed all previous investigation which directly or indirectly measured the association between post- and pre-natal sex steroid and developmental stuttering
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